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Fig. 4 in Red wood Ants (Formica rufa-group) prefer mature pine forests in Variscan granite environments (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 4 – Numbers of RWA nests versus medium tree age of primary tree species (TS) for a) MGBSF and b) FBBSF

Fig. 2 in Red wood Ants (Formica rufa-group) prefer mature pine forests in Variscan granite environments (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 2 – Tectonic setting of both study areas with a, major tectonic units, faults (black lines) taken from literature (see list under reference section geological maps), b, detailed geologic setting of the Münchsgrün (MG), and c, Falkenberg (FB) study areas with FB forest sections (1-8). In MG area, the older Mitterteich/Steinwald Granite is overlain by Miocene/Pliocene basin-filling sediments.

Fig. 3 in Red wood Ants (Formica rufa-group) prefer mature pine forests in Variscan granite environments (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 3 – In total mapped areas (MG tot; FB tot) and mapped areas within the borders of BSF (MGBSF; FBBSF) for a) MG and b) FB study area.

Fig. 5 in Red wood Ants (Formica rufa-group) prefer mature pine forests in Variscan granite environments (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 5 – Nest height classes[m] versus type of nest material (%) for a, c, spruce, and b, d, pine as primary tree species (TS) in MGBSF and FBBSF.

Fig. 1 – a in Red wood Ants (Formica rufa-group) prefer mature pine forests in Variscan granite environments (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 1 – a, Position of both study areas within Germany close to the Czech border; b, detailing location in the Oberpfälzer Lake district in Tirschenreuth county, NE Bavaria.

Fig. 8 – a in Red wood Ants (Formica rufa-group) prefer mature pine forests in Variscan granite environments (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 8 – a, Spatial distribution of mapped RWA nests in FBBSF based on the 1m DTM provided by the LDBV (2008/2009). Black square indicates a striking radial nest distribution pattern that can be explained by b, "onion-like" joints forming in the granite, as can be seen in the former quarry beneath the ruin Flossenbürg castle, approx. 14.5 km southeast of the FB Study area. Photo credit: M. Gibhardt.

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Fig. 6 in Red wood Ants (Formica rufa-group) prefer mature pine forests in Variscan granite environments (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 6 – Preferred terrain exposure of RWA nests in a, MG (n=2,328) and b, FB (n=2,829) study area.

Figure 6 in Biology and defensive secretion of myrmecophilous Thiasophila spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with the Formica rufa species group

Figure 6. Chromatograph of the defensive secretion of T. angulata adults. The numbers in the chromatogram refer to the number of the chemicals in Table 3.

Figure 5. T in Biology and defensive secretion of myrmecophilous Thiasophila spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with the Formica rufa species group

Figure 5. T. angulata, (a) larva (in the circle) among F. polyctena ants; (b, c) adults feeding on ant larvae; (d) adult (in the circle) among F. polyctena ants. Photo: Zagaja, M.

Figure 3 in Biology and defensive secretion of myrmecophilous Thiasophila spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with the Formica rufa species group

Figure 3. Seasonal dynamics of T. angulata larval forms in nests of F. polyctena and F. rufa and of T. szujeckii in nests of F. truncorum. Leżajsk Forest Division, Sandomierz Basin, Poland.

Figure 2 in Biology and defensive secretion of myrmecophilous Thiasophila spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with the Formica rufa species group

Figure 2. Seasonal dynamics of T. angulata adult forms in nests of F. polyctena and F. rufa and of T. szujeckii in nests of F. truncorum. Leżajsk Forest Division, Sandomierz Basin, Poland.

Figure 1 in Biology and defensive secretion of myrmecophilous Thiasophila spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with the Formica rufa species group

Figure 1. Phenology of T. angulata in nests of F. polyctena and F. rufa, and of T. szujeckii in nests of F. truncorum. Abbreviations: T – teneral forms; Temp. – temperature inside nest (°C); WA – wintering adults; generation period (mean 60 days) (2008–2010). Leżajsk Forest Division, Sandomierz Basin, Poland.

Figure 7 in Biology and defensive secretion of myrmecophilous Thiasophila spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with the Formica rufa species group

Figure 7. Chromatograph of the alarm pheromones of F. polyctena workers. The numbers in the chromatogram refer to the number of the chemicals in Table 3.

Fig. 35 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants

Fig. 35: Nest-sample means of the discriminant score and the first factor of principal component analysis of workers of For- mica truncorum (white dots) and of Formica sinensis (black rhombs) considering seven phenotypic characters. The posi- tions of the single type specimens of F. truncorum FABRICIUS, 1804 (abbreviation TM), Formica truncicola NYLANDER, 1846 (TA), and Formica yessensis WHEELER, 1913 (YE) and of the type series of Formica approximans WHEELER, 1933 (AP), F. sinensis WHEELER, 1913 (SI), and Formica wongi WU, 1990 (WO) are indicated by arrows.

Fig. 34 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants

Fig. 34: Nest-sample means of a linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis of workers of Formica frontalis (black rhombs) and Formica truncorum (white dots). Six phenotypic characters were considered.

Fig. 25 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants

Fig. 25: Position of the type samples of Formica major NY- LANDER, 1849 (MA) and Formica constricta KARAVAJEV, 1929 (CO) in a linear discriminant analysis considering 58 nest samples of Formica polyctena (black squares), 27 nest samples of Formica aquilonia × polyctena or backcrosses (white dots), and 75 nest samples of F. aquilonia (black rhombs). The type samples were run as wild-cards. Sixteen phenotypic characters were considered.

Fig.26 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants

Fig.26: Principal component analysis of gynes of Formica polyctena (black squares, n = 33), Formica aquilonia × polyctena or backcrosses (white dots, n = 18), and F. aquilonia (black rhombs, n = 29). Twenty-four phenotypic characters were considered.

Fig.23 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants

Fig.23: Linear discriminant analysis of 169 samples of workers of Formica rufa (white rhombs), Formica polyctena × rufa and backcrosses (black squares), and F. polyctena (white dots) considering 12 morphological characters. The missing gaps between the clusters indicate introgression and prevent a clear discrimination of hybrids from parental species. Note that the frequency of hybrids in the analysis is about fivefold larger than expected for random sampling all over Europe.

Figs.14-20 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants

Figs.14-20: (14-lugu) Formica lugubris, worker, normal morph, head; central vertex suggestedly shiny due to weaker transverse microsculpture. (15-lugu) Formica lugubris, worker, Hippie morph, head; central vertex suggestedly shiny due to weaker transverse microsculpture. (16-helv) Formica helvetica sp.n., worker, holotype, head. (17-helv) Formica helvetica sp.n., worker, holotype, lateral. (18-trun) Formica truncorum, worker, head. (19-trun) Formica truncorum, gyne, head. (20-sine) Formica sinensis, worker, lateral; note the contrast between weak pronotal and strong gular pilosity.

Fig.2 in A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - the famous mound-building red wood ants

Fig.2: Formica polyctena, gyne; paramedian surface of the dorsum of first gaster tergite. There is some trend to show stronger transverse microripples and a more dilute pubescence than Formica rufa.