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114 results for “Functional richness”
Data from: Plant richness, land use and temperature differently shape invertebrate leaf-chewing herbivory on plant functional groups
<p class="MsoNormal">Nutrient demands of leaf-chewing invertebrate herbivores change with temperature, which causes shifts in herbivores' diets. Temperature may act differently on herbivore species, so that factors shaping herbivore species richness may modulate temperature effects on invertebrate herbivory among plant functional groups with different nutrient composition (C:N ratio low to high: legumes, non-leguminous forbs, grasses). Global warming urges a deeper understanding of temperature effects on herbivory among plant functional groups in different habitats and landscapes. This study obtained measures on proportional leaf area loss to leaf-chewing invertebrate herbivores ('herbivory') on three plant functional groups on 80 plots of open herbaceous vegetation adjacent to different habitat types (forest, grassland, arable field, settlement) along climate and land-use gradients in Bavaria, Germany. Herbivory was analysed with regard to habitat characteristics (habitat type, plant richness at species and family level, local mean temperature), landscape characteristics (proportion of grassland, landscape diversity; 0.2–3.0-km), climate (multi-annual mean temperature, 'MAT') and interactive effects of plant functional group, temperature and habitat or landscape characteristics. Herbivory on plant functional groups changed differently in response to plant richness (family level only) and habitat type, but not to differences in landscape characteristics and temperature – only on grassland plots, multi-annual mean temperature differentially affected herbivory among plant functional groups. Thus, abiotic and biotic factors can differently affect leaf-chewing herbivory on plant functional groups. Under current conditions, plant richness and habitat type more strongly affected herbivory among legumes, forbs and grasses than temperature and landscape-scale land use.</p>
Data and code from: Functional rarity of plants in German hay meadows - patterns on the species level and mismatches with community species richness
<p>Functional rarity (FR) - a feature combining a species' rarity with the distinctiveness of its traits - represents a promising tool to better understand the ecological importance of rare species and consequently to protect functional diversity more efficiently. Yet, we lack a systematic understanding of FR on both the species level (which species are functionally rare and why) and the community level (how is FR associated with biodiversity and environmental conditions). Here, we quantify FR for 218 plant species from German hay meadows on a local, regional, and national scale by combining data from 6500 vegetation relevés and 15 ecologically relevant traits. We investigate the association between rarity and trait distinctiveness on different spatial scales via correlation measures and show which traits lead to low or high trait distinctiveness via distance-based redundancy analysis. We test how species richness and FR are correlated and use boosted regression trees to determine environmental conditions driving species richness and FR. On the local scale, only rare species showed high trait distinctiveness while on larger spatial scales rare and common species showed high trait distinctiveness. As infrequent trait attributes (e.g., legumes, low clonality) led to higher trait distinctiveness, we argue that functionally rare species are either specialists or transients. While specialists occupy a particular niche in hay meadows leading to lower rarity on larger spatial scales, transients display distinct but maladaptive traits resulting in high rarity across all spatial scales. More functionally rare species than expected by chance occurred in species-poor communities indicating that they prefer environmental conditions differing from characteristic conditions of species-rich hay meadows. Finally, we argue that functionally rare species are not necessarily relevant for nature conservation, since many were transients from surrounding habitats. Yet, FR can facilitate our understanding of why species are rare in a habitat and under which conditions these species occur.</p>
Data for: Richness, food webs structures and ecosystem functioning
<p>This dataset has information on the spatial distribution of fish species from the middle Paraná River and the diet information of 15 fish-eating species. The objective of the paper was to evaluate the relationship between richness, the structure of food webs and standing biomass. In addition to the information on diet and spatial distribution, there is a readme file, two Rstudio scripts and an R environment (all the results of the work can be found in the latter).</p>
Patterns of functional diversity along latitudinal gradients of species richness in eleven fish families
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: As we enter an era of major biodiversity shifts, understanding large-scale biodiversity patterns has become crucial for ecological and conservation purposes. Often, conservation priorities are based on concepts derived largely from species richness, yet recent works show that different facets of biodiversity are also critical for proper ecosystem continuity, function, and services. One facet of biodiversity increasingly relevant to conservation is functional diversity. Here, we aim to improve our understanding of large-scale patterns of biodiversity by testing the hypothesis that species richness can also accurately estimate functional diversity along the latitudinal gradient of species richness in fish.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Marine Environments.</p> <p><strong>Time</strong> <strong>Period</strong>: Contemporary Major taxa studied: 842 species within eleven fish families; Acanthuridae, Blenniidae, Chaetodontidae, Gobiidae, Labridae, Lutjanidae, Pleuronectidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Scombridae, Sparidae.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Using geometric morphometrics to calculate morphological diversity, a proxy for functional diversity, we estimated expected functional diversity for a given number of species and compared it to the observed functional diversity in fish families along latitudes. We then fit a brokenstick regression model with estimates of functional diversity over absolute degree of latitudes to locate latitudes where significant shifts in functional diversity occur.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: We found that species richness typically over- or under-estimated functional diversity along the latitudinal gradient of species richness in the evaluated fishes. We also show that for most families investigated, there is a pattern of stable functional diversity from the equator through the tropics that shifts with a mean inflection point occurring at absolute latitude 31.7° ± 10.1°. We suggest this pattern may be linked to changes in environmental factors such as global temperature and/or habitat availability beyond tropical latitudes, however, these concepts require more study.</p> <p><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusion</strong>: This analysis shows the importance of further considering functional diversity in combination with other biodiversity metrics when developing conservation priorities and policies.</p>
Data for: Richness, food webs structures and ecosystem functioning
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Patterns of functional diversity along latitudinal gradients of species richness in eleven fish families
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Data from: Plant richness, land use and temperature differently shape invertebrate leaf-chewing herbivory on plant functional groups
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Spatial, environmental, and functional distances among temporal ponds attenuate synchronization, stabilizing plant richness and biomass dynamics
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Code and data from: Measuring the overall functional diversity by aggregating its multiple facets: functional richness, biomass evenness, trait evenness, and dispersion
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Data and code from: Functional rarity of plants in German hay meadows - patterns on the species level and mismatches with community species richness
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Data from: Functional richness shows spatial scale dependency in Pheidole ant assemblages from Neotropical savannas
There is a growing recognition that spatial scale is important for understanding ecological processes shaping community membership, but empirical evidence on this topic is still scarce. Ecological processes such as environmental filtering can decrease functional differences among species and promote functional clustering of species assemblages, whereas interspecific competition can do the opposite. These different ecological processes are expected to take place at different spatial scales, with competition being more likely at finer scales and environmental filtering most likely at coarser scales. We used a comprehensive dataset on species assemblages of a dominant ant genus, Pheidole, in the Cerrado (savanna) biodiversity hotspot to ask how functional richness relate to species richness gradients and whether such relationships vary across spatial scales. Functional richness of Pheidole assemblages decreased with increasing species richness, but such relationship did not vary across different spatial scales. Species were more functionally dissimilar at finer spatial scales, and functional richness increased less than expected with increasing species richness. Our results indicate a tighter packing of the functional volume as richness increases and point out to a primary role for environmental filtering in shaping membership of Pheidole assemblages in Neotropical savannas.
Data from: Multiple facets of diversity effects on plant productivity: species richness, functional diversity, species identity and intraspecific competition
<p>1. Deciphering the mechanisms that drive variation in biomass production across plant communities of contrasting species composition and diversity is a main challenge of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research. Niche complementarity and selection effect have been widely investigated to address biodiversity-productivity relationships. However, the overlooking of the specific role played by key species have limited so far our capacity to comprehensively assess the relative importance of other potential drivers of biodiversity effects.</p> <p>2. Here, we conducted a grassland diversity-productivity experiment to test how four potential facets of biodiversity effects, namely species richness, functional diversity, species identity and the relaxation of intraspecific competition, account for variations in above and root biomass production.</p> <p>3. We grew six plant species in monoculture, as well as in every combinations of two, three and six species. Plant density was kept constant across the richness gradient but we additionally grew each species in half-density monoculture to estimate the strength of intraspecific competition for each studied species. We characterized eight functional traits, including root traits, related to nutrient and light acquisition and computed both the functional dissimilarity and the community weighted mean (CWM) of each trait. We further partitioned aboveground biodiversity effect into complementarity and selection effects.</p> <p>4. We observed strong positive biodiversity effects on both aboveground and root biomass as well as strong positive complementarity effect. These arose largely from the presence of a particular species (<i>Plantago lanceolata</i>) and from CWM trait values more than from a higher functional dissimilarity in plant mixtures. <i>P. lanceolata</i> displayed the highest intraspecific competition, which was strongly relaxed in species mixtures. By contrast, the presence of <i>Sanguisorba minor</i> negatively affected the productivity of plant mixtures, this species suffering more from interspecific than intraspecific competition.</p> <p>5. This study provides strong evidences that the search for key species is critical to understand the role of species diversity on ecosystem functioning and demonstrates the major role that the balance between intraspecific and interspecific competition plays in biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships. Developing more integrative approaches in community and ecosystem ecology can offer opportunities to better understand the role that species diversity plays on ecosystem functioning.</p>
Species richness and intraspecific variation interactively shape marine diatom community functioning
<p>The data and code provided here is used to analyze and visualize all data associated with the manuscript "Species richness and intraspecific variation interactively shape marine diatom community functioning" which is under review at L&O Letters and is authored by Patrick K. Thomas, Marrit Jacob, Esteben Acevedo-Trejos, Helmut Hillebrand, and Maren Striebel.</p> <p>Data should be analyzed in R or R studio. The code should execute automatically with no modifications by the user as long as the four csv files are placed in the same working directory that R is set to. The R project (.Rproj) file may also be opened directly to create an R project that is automatically set to the correct directory.</p> <p>ABSTRACT:<br>Biodiversity generally increases productivity in ecosystems; however, this is mediated by the specific functional traits that come with biodiversity loss or gain and how these traits interact with environmental conditions. Most biodiversity studies evaluate effects of species richness alone, despite our increasing understanding that intraspecific diversity can have equally strong impacts. Here, we manipulate both species richness and intraspecific richness (i.e., number of distinct strains) in marine diatom communities to explicitly test the relative importance of species and strain richness for biomass and trait diversity in six distinct temperature/nutrient environments. We show that species and strain richness both have significant effects on biomass and growth rates, but more importantly they interact with each other, indicating that cross-species diversity effects depend on within-species diversity and vice versa. This intertwined relationship thus calls for more integrative approaches quantifying the relative importance of distinct biodiversity components and environmental context on ecosystem functioning.</p>
Extreme environments filter functionally rich communities of Atlantic Forest treefrogs along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients
<p>Understanding how environmental filtering and biotic interactions structure communities across elevational and latitudinal gradients is still a matter of debate. To provide insight into their relative importance, we explore the mismatch between three dimensions of biodiversity (taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic), and compare their patterns to null models of random community assembly. We focus on a highly diverse tropical group: the tree frogs (hylids) of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. For that, we combined geographic distribution data with phylogenetic and trait information for 158 species to produce maps of the three dimensions of diversity. We show that communities of tree frogs of the Hylidae family tend to have high functional richness along the Atlantic Forest, potentially driven by niche partitioning. However, environmental filtering gains importance in extreme environments, both at high elevations and higher latitudes. In these areas of the forest, clustering of both functional and phylogenetic diversity is observed. Trait overdispersion is found in areas of contact between vegetation types, or of adjacent biomes, reflecting the encounter of amphibian species adapted to distinct environmental conditions and landscape configurations. Considering all three dimensions of diversity along with multiple axes of environmental variation allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the processes shaping amphibian community assembly in this biodiversity hotspot.</p>
Data from: Plant community responses to long-term fertilization: changes in functional group abundance drive changes in species richness
Declines in species richness due to fertilization are typically rapid and associated with increases in aboveground production. However, in a long-term experiment examining the impacts of fertilization in an early successional community, we found it took 14 years for plant species richness to significantly decline in fertilized plots, despite fertilization causing a rapid increase in aboveground production. To determine what accounted for this lag in the species richness response, we examined several potential mechanisms. We found evidence suggesting the abundance of one functional group—tall species with long-distance (runner) clonality—drove changes in species richness, and we found little support for other mechanisms. Tall runner species initially increased in abundance due to fertilization, then declined dramatically and were not abundant again until later in the experiment, when species richness and the combined biomass of all other functional groups (non-tall runner) declined. Over 86 % of the species found throughout the course of our study are non-tall runner, and there is a strong negative relationship between non-tall runner and tall runner biomass. We therefore suggest that declines in species richness in the fertilized treatment are due to high tall runner abundance that decreases the abundance and richness of non-tall runner species. By identifying the functional group that drives declines in richness due to fertilization, our results help to elucidate how fertilization decreases plant richness and also suggest that declines in richness due to fertilization can be lessened by controlling the abundance of species with a tall runner growth form.
Beyond species richness and community composition: Using plant functional diversity to measure restoration success in jarrah forest
<p>Aim: The importance of restoring ecosystem functions to native systems that have been degraded, damaged or destroyed is increasingly recognised. Yet few studies have measured the effect of restoration efforts on ecosystem functioning or the functional diversity (FD) that underpins it. Here we assessed change in FD of restored assemblages one to 25 years after the onset of post-mine restoration.</p> <p>Location: Northern Jarrah (<i>Eucalyptus marginata</i> Donn ex Sm.) Forest bioregion of south-western Australia.</p> <p>Methods: Functional richness, evenness, divergence and dispersion were derived from five plant functional traits relevant to community reassembly. Effects of three explanatory variables (i.e., age, year restoration was initiated, and time since fire) on six response variables (i.e., four FD indices, species richness, and compositional similarity to nearby reference forest) were analysed using linear mixed models for a dataset with repeated measures of plots through time (n= 810 plots), and linear models for a sub-set of one-time measures of different aged assemblages (i.e., space-for-time approach; n= 490 plots).</p> <p>Results: Functional evenness and functional dispersion increased with age, while functional divergence and functional richness decreased with age. Functional dispersion increased with time since fire, while functional richness decreased with time since fire. Species richness decreased with age, but at 25-years, species richness was comparable to that observed in reference forest. In contrast, similarity showed no relationship with age of restored forest, and at 25-years, similarity of restored forest to reference was low compared with similarity of reference forest to itself. Three of four FD indices had not reached those of reference jarrah forest 25-years after restoration had been initiated.</p> <p>Conclusions: Reassembly of FD suggests importance of environmental filtering and high functional redundancy. A longer time frame may be needed to assess FD of restored assemblages, and in the meantime, species richness is not an adequate surrogate of FD.</p>
The functioning of alpine grassland ecosystems: climate outweighs plant species richness
<ol> <li><span>The biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship has received significant attention in recent decades. It has been widely demonstrated that plant diversity plays a crucial role in enhancing the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. However, few studies have tested the influence of plant species richness in mediating the impacts of climate on ecosystem functions at large spatial scales. </span></li> <li><span>To address this gap, we utilized data from field surveys across broad climatic gradients at the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Our goal was to examine the importance of plant species richness for the functioning of alpine grassland ecosystems, specifically productivity and soil carbon sequestration. </span></li> <li><span>Our results showed strong positive correlations between ecosystem functioning and growing season precipitation as well as species richness. In contrast, there was a negative correlation with growing season temperature. Notably, the positive effect of growing season precipitation on ecosystem functioning outweighed the negative effect of growing season temperature. The indirect effects of growing season precipitation and temperature on ecosystem functioning through changes in species richness were weak. Furthermore, the inclusion of climate factors in the model weakened the relationships between species richness and ecosystem functioning.</span></li> <li><span><em>Synthesis</em>. Our findings demonstrate that climate factors are more important than species richness for the provisioning of ecosystem functions at large spatial scales. In summary, our study underscores the importance of considering climate factors alongside species richness when assessing ecosystem functioning across extensive geographical areas.</span></li> </ol>
Data from: Multiple facets of diversity effects on plant productivity: species richness, functional diversity, species identity and intraspecific competition
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Data from: Functional richness shows spatial scale dependency in Pheidole ant assemblages from Neotropical savannas
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Beyond species richness and community composition: Using plant functional diversity to measure restoration success in jarrah forest
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