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32 results for “Fungal growth”
High temperatures reduce growth, infection, and transmission of a naturally occurring fungal plant pathogen
<p>Climate change is rapidly altering the distribution of suitable habitats for many species as well as their pathogenic microbes. For many pathogens, including vector-borne diseases of humans and agricultural pathogens, climate change is expected to increase transmission and lead to pathogen range expansions. However, if pathogens have a lower heat tolerance than their host, increased warming could generate 'thermal refugia' for hosts. Predicting the outcomes of warming on disease transmission requires detailed knowledge of the thermal tolerances of both the host and the pathogen. Such thermal tolerance studies are generally lacking for fungal pathogens of wild plant populations, despite the fact that plants form the base of all terrestrial communities. Here, we quantified three aspects of the thermal tolerance (growth, infection, and propagule production) of the naturally occurring fungal pathogen <em>Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae</em>, which causes a sterilizing anther-smut disease on the herbaceous plant <em>Silene latifolia</em>. We also quantified two aspects of host thermal tolerance: seedling survival and flowering rate. We found that temperatures >30 degreeC reduced the ability of anther-smut spores to germinate, grow, and conjugate in vitro. In addition, we found that high temperatures (30 degreeC) during, or shortly after the time of inoculation strongly reduced the likelihood of infection in seedlings. Finally, we found that high summer temperatures in the field temporarily cured infected plants, likely reducing transmission. Notably, high temperatures did not reduce survival or flowering of the host plants. Taken together, our results show that the fungus is considerably more sensitive to high temperatures than its host plant. A warming climate could therefore result in reduced disease spread or even local pathogen extirpation, leading to thermal refugia for the host.</p>
Figure 4 in New insights on the impact of earthworm extract on the growth of beneficial soil fungi: species-specific alteration of the nematophagous fungal growth and limitation of an entomopathogenic fungus
Figure 4. Growth of Purpureocillium lilacinum after 20 days postexposer to two different earthworm based media: fresh earthworms (FE) (four concentration C1, C2, C3, and C4), and earthworms devoid of gut contents (EDG) (four concentration C1, C2, C3, and C4), C1 = 40 g/L, C2 = 20 g/L, C3 = 10 g/L, C4 = 5 g/L, and two rich media: potato dextrose agar (PDA), and brain heart infusion (BHI).
Figure 5 in New insights on the impact of earthworm extract on the growth of beneficial soil fungi: species-specific alteration of the nematophagous fungal growth and limitation of an entomopathogenic fungus
Figure 5. Evaluation of conidial germination of the fungus Beauveria bassiana exposed to two different earthworm extracts: fresh earthworms (FE) and earthworms without gut contents, EDG, and two conventional media: potato dextrose agar (PDA), and brain heart infusion agar (BHI). A. Percentage germination on conventional and earthworm-based media. B. Percent germination as a function of concentration and earthworm-based medium. Concentrations are equivalent to C1 = 40 g/L, C2 = 20 g/L, C3 = 10 g/L, and C4 = 5 g/L. Results of one-way ANOVA (A) or two-way ANOVA (B), and differences are significant according to Tukey's test (HSD) and groups "a", "b" and "c".
Figure 3 in New insights on the impact of earthworm extract on the growth of beneficial soil fungi: species-specific alteration of the nematophagous fungal growth and limitation of an entomopathogenic fungus
Figure 3. Evaluation of vegetative growth, conidial production and germination in the fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum exposed to two earthworm extracts: fresh earthworm (FE), earthworms devoid of intestinal contents (EDG) and two conventional media: potato dextrose agar (PDA), and brain heart infusion agar (BHI). A. Cumulative growth from 3 to 18 days according to conventional and earthworm-based media. B. Cumulative growth as a function of concentration and earthworm-based medium. C. Conidia production (×10⁵ conidia/mL) according to conventional and earthworm-based media. D. Conidia production (×10⁵ conidia/mL) according to concentration and earthworm-based medium. E. Percent germination on conventional and earthworm-based media. F. Percent germination as a function of concentration and earthworm-based medium. Concentrations are equivalent to C1 = 40 g/L, C2 = 20 g/L, C3 = 10 g/L, and C4 = 5 g/L. Results of one-way ANOVA (A, C, E) or two-way ANOVA (B, D, F), and differences are significant at Tukey's test (HSD) and groups "a", "b" and "c".
Figure 1 in New insights on the impact of earthworm extract on the growth of beneficial soil fungi: species-specific alteration of the nematophagous fungal growth and limitation of an entomopathogenic fungus
Figure 1. Evaluation of vegetative growth, conidial production and germination in the fungus Arthrobotris musiformis exposed to two earthworms' extracts: fresh earthworm (FE), earthworms devoid of intestinal contents (EDG) and two conventional media: potato dextrose agar (PDA), and brain heart infusion agar (BHI). A. Cumulative growth from 3 to 18 days according to conventional and earthworm-based media. B. Cumulative growth as a function of concentration and earthworm-based medium. C. Conidia production (×10⁵ conidia/mL) according to conventional and earthworm-based media. D. Conidia production (×10⁵ conidia/mL) according to concentration and earthworm-based medium. E. Percent germination on conventional and earthworm-based media. F. Percent germination as a function of concentration and earthworm-based medium. Concentrations are equivalent to C1 = 40 g/L, C2 = 20 g/L, C3 = 10 g/L, and C4 = 5 g/L. Results of one-way ANOVA (A, C, E) or two-way ANOVA (B, D, F), and differences are significant at Tukey's test (HSD) and groups "a", "b" and "c".
High temperatures reduce growth, infection, and transmission of a naturally occurring fungal plant pathogen
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Beyond seedlings: ectomycorrhizal fungal networks and growth of mature Pseudotsuga menziesii
<p>1. Mycorrhizal networks are conduits for the transfer of resources between hosts. While ectomycorrhizal networks (EMN) are known to influence seedlings, their effect on adult tree growth remains unknown and may have important implications for forest responses to future climates.</p> <p>2. We used annual basal area increment of trees and previously described Rhizopogon vesiculosus and Rhizopogon vinicolor EMNs to examine an association between the number of connections between trees through an EMN and the growth of adult interior Douglas-fir. We compared this relationship for the year the networks were mapped, in 2008, with eight years previous and eight years afterward. We also compared the variation in standardized growth (2000–2016) to examine the association between growth variability and EMN variables.</p> <p>3. Greater growth was positively associated with 1) the number of connections to other trees via a Rhizopogon vinicolor EMN, and 2) the number of genets of Rhizopogon vesiculosis by which a tree was colonized. Variation of growth (2000–2016) was negatively associated with increasing number of connections to other trees via Rhizopogon vinicolor. Synthesis. These findings, for the first time, indicate that EMNs may positively influence the growth of adult trees. The difference in tree growth response between the sister fungal species highlights a novel avenue to identify interspecific and intraspecific differences between species occurring at different depths in the soil. Our study has important implications when considering the role of EMNs in influencing forest health and mitigating stress from environmental conditions.</p>
Data from: Negative density dependence in the mortality and growth of tropical tree seedlings is strong, and primarily caused by fungal pathogens
<ol> <li class="Body">Natural enemies have been implicated as agents of negative density dependence (NDD) in tropical forests, but their relative contributions to NDD, and thus to the maintenance of diversity, are largely unknown.</li> <li class="Body">We monitored the rates of survival and relative growth rates on seedlings for ten years in tropical moist forest in Manu National Park, Peru. We then experimentally manipulated the plots to exclude fungal pathogens, insects, small mammals, and large mammals for an additional 31 months to assess the influence of these natural enemies on density-dependent interactions among tropical seedlings.</li> <li class="Body">Fungal pathogens made the most important contribution to negative density dependence. The application of fungicide led to lower mortality rates, faster growth rates, and decreased species diversity. Other taxa of natural enemies had at most minor effects on seedling performance.</li> <li class="Body"> <i>Synthesis. </i>We conclude that fungal pathogens are the strongest contributors to the widely observed NDD that occurs among seedlings. Moreover, the presence of fungal pathogens augments the species diversity of seedlings, indicating their critical contribution to the maintenance of species coexistence and the structure of tropical tree communities.</li> </ol>
Fungal symbiont diversity drives growth of Holcus lanatus depending on soil nutrient availability
<ol> <li>Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi frequently colonise plant roots and can affect plant morphology and physiology through their contribution to plant nutrition. However, the functional role of AM fungi in the presence of other microbial symbionts, including widespread Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophytes' (MFRE) fungi, remains largely unknown.</li> <li>While both AM fungi and MFRE transfer nutrients, including nitrogen, from inorganic and organic sources to host plants, their combined effects on co-colonised plants have only been investigated in liverworts. Here, we compare the morphology and physiology of the grass <em>Holcus lanatus</em> grown with an AM fungal community versus a more diverse symbiotic fungal community containing both AM fungi and MFRE. </li> <li> <em>Holcus lanatus</em> plants were grown in the presence of either a diverse MFRE+AM fungi soil inoculum or a multi-species AM fungal inoculum. Plant traits associated with growth were quantified, along with fungal transfer of <sup>15</sup>N tracer to plants from a variety of sources (ammonium chloride, alanine, glycine, algal necromass). </li> <li> <em>Holcus lanatus</em> grown with the AM fungal community had greater root and shoot growth during early development and prior to the addition of <sup>15</sup>N-labelled sources, compared to plants grown with the more diverse symbiotic fungal community. When nitrogen sources were made available to the fungal symbionts in the pot microcosms, plants growing with the MFRE+AM fungi soil inoculum had a faster growth rate than plants growing with the AM fungal community. At harvest, <em>H. lanatus</em> grown with the AM fungal community had a larger biomass and there were no differences in <sup>15</sup>N tracer assimilation in plants across the two fungal community treatments.</li> <li>Our results demonstrate that the diversity of fungal inocula in conjunction with soil nutrient availability determines the benefits derived by plants from diverse fungal symbionts. Our research contributes to understanding host plant outcomes in diverse multi-symbiont scenarios.</li> </ol>
Positive allometric growth explains the positive effect of foliar fungal pathogens on plant coexistence
<p><span>The data was collected in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Province, China (101° 18′ 57</span>″ <span>E, 37° 36′ 50</span>″ <span>N; 3 221 m a.s.l.) in 2019 and 2020, including t</span>he species-specific growth allometry (scaling exponent and intercept) fitted by the allometric equation under each treatment in a population-level experiment, i.e., control, fungicide application, neighbor removal (removal), fungicide application × neighbor removal, and the community-level mean and dispersion of the growth allometry (CWM and FDis of growth scaling exponent and intercept, respectively) weighted by the species cover for each plot in a community-level fungicide application experiment.</p>
Data from: Negative density dependence in the mortality and growth of tropical tree seedlings is strong, and primarily caused by fungal pathogens
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Plant size-dependent influence of foliar fungal pathogens promotes diversity through allometric growth
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Beyond seedlings: ectomycorrhizal fungal networks and growth of mature Pseudotsuga menziesii
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Fungal symbiont diversity drives growth of Holcus lanatus depending on soil nutrient availability
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Data from: Bacterial and fungal growth on fungal necromass and its diverse components: shared profiles and divergent constraints revealed by high-throughput phenotyping
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Data from: Sick plants in grassland communities: a growth-defense trade-off is the main driver of fungal pathogen abundance
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Fungal root-endophytes influence plants in a species-specific manner that depends on plant's growth stage
The mycobiome (fungal microbiome) influences plants— from seed germination to full maturation. While many studies on fungal-plant interaction studies have focused on known mutualistic and pathogenic fungi, the functional role of ubiquitous endophytic fungi remains little explored. We examined how root-inhabiting fungi (endophytes) influence range expanding plant species. We isolated endophytes from three European intra-continental range-expanders and three congenerics that are native both in the range-expander's original (southern Europe) and new (northern Europe) range. To standardize our collection, endophytes were obtained from all six plant species growing under controlled conditions in northern (new range of the range-expander) and southern (native range of the range-expander) soils. We cultivated, molecularly identified and tested the effects of all isolates on seed germination, and growth of seedlings and older plants. Most of the 34 isolates could not be functionally characterized based on their taxonomic identity and literature information on functions. Endophytes affected plant growth in a plant species-endophyte specific manner, but overall differed between range-expanders and natives. While endophytes reduced germination and growth of range-expanders compared to natives, they reduced seedling growth of natives more than of range-expanders. Synthesis: We conclude that endophytic fungi have a direct effect on plant growth in a plant growth stage-dependent manner. While these effects differed between range expanders and natives, the effect strength and significance varied among the plant genera included in the present study. Nevertheless, endophytes likely influence establishment of newly arriving plants and influence vegetation dynamics
Single and mixed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species inocula have a different effect on the growth and oxidative stress defense in Lolium perenne exposed to phenol and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous mutualistic plant symbionts which promote plant growth and protect them from abiotic stresses. Studies on AMF-assisted phytoremediation have shown that AMF can increase plant tolerance to the presence of hydrocarbon contaminants by improving plant nutrition status and mitigating oxidative stress. This work aimed to evaluate the impact of single-species or mixed-species AMF inocula, obtained from the contaminated environment (<i>Funneliformis caledonium</i>, <i>Diversispora varaderana</i>, <i>Claroideoglomus walkeri</i>), on a growth, oxidative stress (DNA oxidation and lipid peroxidation) and activity of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) in <i>Lolium perenne</i> cultured in a substrate contaminated with 0/0 - 30/120 mg phenol/polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) kg<sup>-1</sup>. The assessment of AMF resistance to the presence of contaminants was based on mycorrhizal root colonization, spore production, the level of oxidative stress and antioxidative activity in AMF spores. In contrast to the mixed-species AMF inoculum, single AMF species significantly enhanced the growth of host plants cultured in the contaminated substrate. Their effect on the level of oxidative stress and the activity of antioxidative enzymes in plant tissues differed between the AMF species. Changes in the level of oxidative stress and the activity of antioxidative enzymes in AMF spores in response to contamination also depended on AMF species. Although, the concentration of phenol and PAHs had a negative effect on the production of AMF spores, low (5/20 mg phenol/PAHs kg<sup>-</sup>1) and substrate (15/60 mg phenol/PAHs kg<sup>-1</sup>) contamination stimulated the mycorrhizal colonization of roots. Among the studied AMF species, <i>F. caledonium</i> was the most resistant to phenol and PAHs and showed the highest potential in plant growth promotion. Adverse effects of mixed AMF inoculum on <i>L. perenne</i> growth might result from the competitive associations between the AMF species and excessive development of <i>C. walkeri</i>. Presented results might contribute to the development of functionally customized strategies of AMF-assisted phytoremediation with indigenous AMF inocula, adapted to form mycorrhizal associations in the presence of contaminants, which might enhance phytoremediation more effective than commercial AMF inocula.</p>
Data from: Spatial soil heterogeneity has a greater effect on symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities and plant growth than genetic modification with Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes
Maize, genetically modified with the insect toxin genes of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), is widely cultivated, yet its impacts on soil organisms are poorly understood. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic associations with plant roots and may be uniquely sensitive to genetic changes within a plant host. In this field study, the effects of nine different lines of Bt maize and their corresponding non-Bt parental isolines were evaluated on AMF colonization and community diversity in plant roots. Plants were harvested 60 days after sowing, and data were collected on plant growth and per cent AMF colonization of roots. AMF community composition in roots was assessed using 454 pyrosequencing of the 28S rRNA genes, and spatial variation in mycorrhizal communities within replicated experimental field plots was examined. Growth responses, per cent AMF colonization of roots and AMF community diversity in roots did not differ between Bt and non-Bt maize, but root and shoot biomass and per cent colonization by arbuscules varied by maize cultivar. Plot identity had the most significant effect on plant growth, AMF colonization and AMF community composition in roots, indicating spatial heterogeneity in the field. Mycorrhizal fungal communities in maize roots were autocorrelated within approximately 1 m, but at greater distances, AMF community composition of roots differed between plants. Our findings indicate that spatial variation and heterogeneity in the field has a greater effect on the structure of AMF communities than host plant cultivar or modification by Bt toxin genes.
Habitat geometry in artificial microstructure affects bacterial and fungal growth, interactions, and substrate degradation 2nd part
<p>Microhabitat conditions determine the magnitude and speed of microbial processes but have been challenging to investigate. In this study we used microfluidic devices to determine the effect of the spatial distortion of a pore space on fungal and bacterial growth<i>,</i> interactions, and substrate degradation. The devices contained channels differing in bending angles and order. Sharper angles reduced fungal and bacterial biomass, especially when angles were repeated in the same direction. Substrate degradation was only decreased by angles when fungi and bacteria were grown together. Investigation at the cellular scale suggests that this was caused by fungal habitat modification, which branched in sharp and repeated turns, blocking the dispersal of bacteria and the substrate. Our results demonstrate how the geometry of microstructures can influence microbial activity. This can be transferable to soil pore spaces, where spatial occlusion and microbial feedback on microstructures is thought to explain organic matter stabilization.</p>
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