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38 results for “Gadus morhua”
GBIF map data latest examples: species Gadus morhua
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Fig. 4 in Morphological and molecular identification of Cryptocotyle lingua metacercariae isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from Danish seas and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) from the English Channel
Fig. 4 Phylogenetic trees based on cox1 mtDNA (left tree) and ITS rDNA (right tree) sequences using the ML method with 1000 bootstraps
Fig. 3 in Morphological and molecular identification of Cryptocotyle lingua metacercariae isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from Danish seas and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) from the English Channel
Fig. 3 Excysted Cryptocotyle lingua metacercariae at different degrees of contraction a in whiting from the English Channel, b in cod from Danish waters
Fig. 2 in Morphological and molecular identification of Cryptocotyle lingua metacercariae isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from Danish seas and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) from the English Channel
Fig. 2 Morphology of excysted Cryptocotyle lingua metacercariae (ventral view) from Gadus morhua and Merlangius merlangius. Abbreviations: bi.i, bifurcation of intestine; e, oesophagus; ex.c, excretory canal; ex.p, excretory pore; ic, intestinal caecum; pp, prepharynx; ph, pharynx; ov, ovary; os, oral sucker; s.r, seminal receptacle; t, testis; vg.c, ventrogenital complex; vi, vitellaria; ① distance from oral sucker to end of pharynx; ② distance from oral sucker to intestinal branches; ③ width 1; ④ width 2; ⑤ oral sucker diameter; ⑥ ventrogenital complex diameter; ⑦ total length
Fig. 1 in Morphological and molecular identification of Cryptocotyle lingua metacercariae isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from Danish seas and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) from the English Channel
Fig. 1 Infected Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) (a) and microscope observation of encysted metacercariae in caudal fin (b)
Fig. 3 in The effects of Contracaecum osculatum larvae on the growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
Fig. 3. End condition as Fulton's K by cod age; with abundance (i.e. number of C. osculatum) in a) and C. osculatum density (number of C. osculatum per gram liver) in b). Darker and larger circles means higher abundance or density.
Fig. 2 in The effects of Contracaecum osculatum larvae on the growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
Fig. 2. Plotted change (end-start) in cod length, weight, and condition as Fulton's K against C. osculatum abundance (the number of C. osculatum in a liver) to the left and C. osculatum density (the number of C. osculatum per liver weight (gram)) to the right, separated by season. Data represents the cod that survived the trials.
Fig. 5 in The effects of Contracaecum osculatum larvae on the growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
Fig. 5. Prediction of growth in weight per day depending on the number of parasites per liver weight (gram) with confidence intervals for a model cod with a GSI of 5 and a starting weight of 0.5 kg at different levels of start condition (medium condition is represented by Fulton's K 0.8, below 0.8 is considered low condition and>1 is considered high (Marteinsdottir and Begg 2002)). Below zero on the y-axis represents no growth. Dots represents observations.
Fig. 1 in The effects of Contracaecum osculatum larvae on the growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
Fig. 1. Map of the study area. The circle marks the position for the sea pen trial and the larger dashed area is where the fish were caught for the trial. The numbers in the map refers to ICES subdivisions (SD).
Fig. 4 in The effects of Contracaecum osculatum larvae on the growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
Fig. 4. Prediction of growth in length per day depending on C. osculatum density (the number of C. osculatum per liver weight (gram)) with confidence intervals. Below zero on the y-axis represents no growth. Dots represents observations.
Bulk Carbon and Amino Acid nitrogen isotope data from Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) and European flounder (Platichthys flesus) muscle tissue samples from the western and central Baltic Sea
<p><span>Eutrophication, increased temperatures and stratification can lead <span>to massive, filamentous, N<sub>2</sub>-fixing cyanobacterial (FNC) blooms in coastal ecosystems with largely unresolved consequences for the mass and energy supply in pelagic and benthic food webs. Mesozooplankton adapt to not top-down controlled FNC blooms by switching diets from phytoplankton to microzooplankton, resulting in a directly quantifiable increase in its trophic position (TP) from 2.0 (herbivore) to as high as 3.0 (carnivore). If this process in mesozooplankton, we call trophic lengthening, was transferred up to higher trophic levels of a food web, a large loss of energy could result in massive declines of fish biomass. </span></span><span>We used compound-specific nitrogen stable isotope data of amino acids (CSIA) to estimate and compare </span><span>the nitrogen (N) sources and TPs of cod and flounder (mesopredators) from areas</span><span> </span><span>with influence of FNC blooms (central Baltic Sea) and without it (western Baltic Sea)</span><span>. We tested if FNC-caused </span><span>trophic lengthening in mesozooplankton is carried over to fish.</span><span> The TP of cod from the western Baltic, feeding mainly on decapods, was equal to the global mean value (4.1, secondary carnivore). Only cod from the central Baltic, mainly feeding on zooplanktivorous pelagics, had a higher TP (4.8, near-tertiary carnivore), indicating a strong carry-over effect of </span><span>FNC-</span><span>caused trophic lengthening from mesozooplankton. In contrast, the TP of molluscivorous flounder (3.2 ± 0.2 in both areas), associated with the benthic food web, was unaffected by trophic lengthening. This suggests that FNC blooms cause a large loss of energy in zooplanktivorous but not in molluscivorous mesopredators. If FNC blooms continue to detour energy at the base of the pelagic food web, the TP of cod will not return to global mean values and the fish stock not recover. Monitoring the TP of key species can identify fundamental changes in ecosystems and provide useful information for resource management.</span></p>
Fish resist temptation from junk food: State-dependent diet choice in reproductive Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) facing seasonal fluxes of lipid-rich prey
<p>In ecological sciences, animal diets are often simplified to "resources" or "caloric quantities". However, in the present study, we investigated the optimal foraging strategy of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) when both macro- and micro-nutritional requirements are accounted for. Proteins cannot be synthesized from fatty acids, so the proteins for gonad development must come from other dietary sources. In addition, micronutrients are required in smaller quantities. For example, for cod, arachidonic acid (ARA) acts as a micronutrient precursor for prostaglandins, which is important for reproduction. We formulated a dynamic state-dependent model to make predictions about optimal diet choice and foraging behavior. We applied the model to a case study in the strait between Denmark and Sweden. The model predicted that energy acquired from dietary protein should be twice that acquired from lipids, with a small increase in the lipid requirements when gonads are growing. The model also predicted that the "energy sparing effect of lipids" made it beneficial to engage in risky foraging activity to supplement a lean diet with a little bit of fat. When we re-constructing the model to also optimize ARA uptake, the cod consumed relatively more ARA-rich crabs in the months prior to spawning, despite the otherwise poor energetic value of this prey. In support of the model predictions, field observations indicated that lipid stores reached a peak shortly after the arrival of the lipid-rich migrating herring and the fatty acid signal of these herring were evident in the liver of nearly all cod. Three month later, only half of the cod contained the herring-derived fatty acid signal, supporting the predicted shift in prey type prior to spawning. From these model predictions and field observations, we conclude that, also in the wild, nutritional requirements can be at least as important as pure energy acquisition.</p>
Data and model code from: Tracing growth patterns in cod (Gadus morhua L.) using bioenergetic modelling
<p><span>Understanding individual growth in commercially exploited fish populations is key to successful stock assessment and informed ecosystem-based fisheries management. Traditionally, growth rates in marine fish are estimated using otolith age-reading in combination with age-length relationships from field samples, or tag-recapture field experiments. However, for some species, otolith-based approaches have been proven unreliable, and tag-recapture experiments suffer from high working effort and costs as well as low recapture rates. An important alternative approach for estimating fish growth is represented by bioenergetic modelling, which, in addition to pure growth estimation, can provide valuable insights into the processes leading to temporal growth changes resulting from environmental and related behavioural changes. We here developed an individual-based bioenergetic model for Western Baltic cod (<em>Gadus</em> <em>morhua</em>), traditionally a commercially important fish species that however collapsed recently and likely suffers from climate change effects. Western Baltic cod is an ideal case study for bioenergetic modelling because of recently gained in-situ process knowledge on spatial distribution and feeding behaviour based on highly resolved data on stomachs and fish distribution. Additionally, physiological processes such as gastric evacuation, consumption, net-conversion efficiency, and metabolic rates have been well studied for cod in laboratory experiments. Our model reliably reproduced seasonal growth patterns observed in the field. </span><span>Importantly, our bioenergetic modelling approach implementing depth-use patterns and food intake allowed us to explain the potentially detrimental effect summer heat periods have on growth of Western Baltic cod that likely will increasingly occur in the future. Hence our model simulations highlighted a potential mechanism of how warming due to climate change affects the growth of a key species that may apply for similar environments elsewhere. </span></p> <p><span>Here we provide access to the individual-based bioenergetic growth model which is set up to model the growth of cod in ages 2 to 4 (<em>Gadus</em> <em>morhua</em> L.) in the Belt Sea (western part of the Western Baltic Sea) on a daily basis within one year. The model incorporates contemporary in-situ process knowledge on food intake and seasonal- and temperate-related spatial distribution of cod and allows us to identify seasonal growth patterns. The model is written in the statistical and programming environment R.<br></span></p>
Bulk Carbon and Amino Acid nitrogen isotope data from Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) and European flounder (Platichthys flesus) muscle tissue samples from the western and central Baltic Sea
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Centurial life history parameters in Baltic cod (Gadus morhua)
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Fish resist temptation from junk food: State-dependent diet choice in reproductive Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) facing seasonal fluxes of lipid-rich prey
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Data and model code from: Tracing growth patterns in cod (Gadus morhua L.) using bioenergetic modelling
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Data from: Seasonal dynamics of spatial distribution and overlap between Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) and capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the Barents Sea
The trophic link between cod (Gadus sp.) and capelin (Mallotus sp.) is important in many panarctic ecosystems. Since the early 2000s, the Northeast Arctic cod stock (G. morhua) in the Barents Sea has increased greatly, and the sea has been exceptionally warm. Such changes have potentially large effects on species distributions and overlap, which in turn could affect the strength of species interactions. Due to its high latitude location, the Barents Sea has strong seasonal variation in physical conditions and interactions. To study drivers of variation in cod-capelin overlap, we use data from two annual surveys run in winter and in autumn of 2004-2015. We first model winter and autumn spatial distributions of mature and immature cod and capelin. We then calculate overlap from model predictions on a grid with similar spatial resolution as the survey data. Our approach allowed us to interpret changes in overlap as species-specific effects of stock size and temperature, while accounting for sampling variation due to sampling time and depth. We found that during winter both species expanded their distribution in response to increased stock sizes, but how strongly and where the expansion occurred varied. The effect of temperature on distributions varied in space, and differed for cod and capelin and for different components of the two species. The results for autumn were clearer and more consistent. Both species expanded their distribution areas as their stock sizes increased. A positive effect of temperature was found in the north-eastern Barents Sea, where temperatures were lowest at the start of the study. Overlap increased and shifted north-eastwards during the study period and remained high despite a decline in the capelin stock. The increased overlap during autumn could mainly be attributed to the shift in cod distribution with increased cod stock biomass.
Data from: Spatiotemporal SNP analysis reveals pronounced biocomplexity at the northern range margin of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua
Accurate prediction of species distribution shifts in the face of climate change requires a sound understanding of population diversity and local adaptations. Previous modeling has suggested that global warming will lead to increased abundance of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the ocean around Greenland, but the dynamics of earlier abundance fluctuations are not well understood. We applied a retrospective spatiotemporal population genomics approach to examine the temporal stability of cod population structure in this region and to search for signatures of divergent selection over a 78-year period spanning major demographic changes. Analyzing >900 gene-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in 847 individuals, we identified four genetically distinct groups that exhibited varying spatial distributions with considerable overlap and mixture. The genetic composition had remained stable over decades at some spawning grounds, whereas complete population replacement was evident at others. Observations of elevated differentiation in certain genomic regions are consistent with adaptive divergence between the groups, indicating that they may respond differently to environmental variation. Significantly increased temporal changes at a subset of loci also suggest that adaptation may be ongoing. These findings illustrate the power of spatiotemporal population genomics for revealing biocomplexity in both space and time and for informing future fisheries management and conservation efforts.
Low-coverage whole-genome sequencing reveals molecular markers for spawning season and sex identification in Gulf of Maine Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua, Linnaeus 1758)
<p class="CxSpFirst">Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>,<i> </i>Linnaeus 1758) in the western Gulf of Maine are managed as a single stock despite several lines of evidence supporting two spawning groups (spring and winter) that overlap spatially, while exhibiting seasonal spawning isolation. Low-coverage whole genome sequencing was used to evaluate the genomic population structure of Atlantic cod spawning groups in the western Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank using 222 individuals collected over multiple years. Results indicated low total genomic differentiation, while also showing strong differentiation between spring and winter spawning groups at specific regions of the genome. Guided regularized random forest and ranked <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> methods were used to select panels of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that could reliably distinguish spring and winter-spawning Atlantic cod (88.5% assignment rate), as well as males and females (95.0% assignment rate) collected in the western Gulf of Maine. These SNP panels represent a valuable tool for fisheries research and management of Atlantic cod in the western Gulf of Maine that will aid investigations of stock production and support accuracy of future assessments.</p>
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