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123 results for “Genomic islands”
Data to support Whitney JL, Coleman RR, Deakos MH "Genomic evidence indicates small island-resident populations and sex-biased behaviors of Hawaiian Reef Manta Rays"
<p>Datasets supporting the manuscript: Whitney JL, Coleman RR, Deakos MH "Genomic evidence indicates small island-resident populations and sex-biased behaviors of Hawaiian Reef Manta Rays". <em>BMC Ecology and Evolution </em><strong>23</strong>, 31 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-023-02130-0</p> <p>Nuclear data:</p> <p>"Mobula-alfredi_nuclear_reference_RAD_contigs.fasta" is a fasta of 359,751 contigs that serve as the reference for nuclear alignment of genotypes to RAD loci. Contigs begin and end with GATC cut site.</p> <p>Mobula-alfredi_nuclear_all_2048snps_38genotypes.vcf is a VCF file with all 2048 nuclear SNPs in final filtered SNP dataset. 38 genotypes are included from Maui Nui and Hawaii Island. This 2048 SNPs includes both 2038 neutral and 10 outlier SNPs. </p> <p>Mobula-alfredi_nuclear_neutral_2038snps_38genotypes.vcf is a VCF file with 2038 neutral nuclear SNPs genotyped in 38 individuals from Maui Nui and Hawaii Island. </p> <p>Mobula-alfredi_nuclear_outliers_10snps_38genotypes.vcf is a VCF file with 10 outlier SNPs genotyped in 38 individuals from Maui Nui and Hawaii Island. </p> <p>Structure (.str) files are also provided in addition to VCFs. In all files Population prefixes M=Maui Nui and K=Hawaii Island. </p> <p>Mitochondrial data:</p> <p>Mobula-alfredi_mitogenome_34haplotypes_9sites_min4x.vcf is a VCF file with 9 variant sites across the mitogenome haplotyped in 34 individuals from Maui Nui and Hawaii Island. </p> <p>Mobula-alfredi_mitogenome_34haplotypes_allsites_min4x.fasta is a FASTA file with whole mitogenomes aligned to OP562409 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/OP562409]. Sites with less than 4x coverage were masked with Ns. </p> <p>Mobula-alfredi_mitogenome_reference_OP562409.fasta is a FASTA file containing the <em>Mobula alfredi</em> reference mitogenome OP562409 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/OP562409].</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Genomic landscapes of divergence among island bird populations: evidence of parallel adaptation but at different loci?
<p>When populations colonise new environments they may be exposed to novel selection pressures but also suffer from extensive genetic drift due to founder effects, small population sizes, and limited interpopulation gene flow. Genomic approaches enable us to study how these factors drive divergence, and disentangle neutral effects from differentiation at specific loci due to selection. Here, we investigate patterns of genetic diversity and divergence using whole-genome resequencing (> 22X coverage) in Berthelot's pipit (<em>Anthus berthelotii</em>), a passerine endemic to the islands of three north Atlantic archipelagos. Strong environmental gradients, including in pathogen pressure, across populations in the species range, make it an excellent system in which to explore traits important in adaptation and/or incipient speciation. Firstly, we quantify how genomic divergence accumulates across the speciation continuum, i.e., among Berthelot's pipit populations, between subspecies across archipelagos, and between Berthelot's pipit and its mainland ancestor, the tawny pipit (<em>Anthus campestris</em>). Across these colonisation timeframes (2.1 million – <em>ca.</em> 8,000 years ago), we identify highly differentiated loci within genomic islands of divergence and conclude that the observed distributions align with expectations for non-neutral divergence. Characteristic signatures of selection are identified in loci associated with craniofacial/bone and eye development, metabolism, and immune response between population comparisons. Interestingly, we find limited evidence for repeated divergence of the same loci across the colonisation range but do identify different loci putatively associated with the same biological traits in different populations, likely due to parallel adaptation. Incipient speciation across these island populations, in which founder effects and selective pressures are strong, may therefore be repeatedly associated with morphology, metabolism, and immune defence.</p>
Genomic signatures of isolation, hybridization, and selection during speciation of island finches
<p><strong>Data associated</strong> to the study <em>Genomic signatures of isolation, hybridization, and selection during speciation of island finches</em></p> <p><strong>Contents</strong></p> <ul> <li>Table_S9_samples_accession_nos.xlsx: Editable Excel matrix with sample names and accession numbers.</li> <li>RAD_SNPs_stacks_42424_loci.vcf.tar.gz: VCF file (gzip-compressed tarball) containing SNPs in 42,424 loci, based on analyses of restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing using Stacks.</li> <li>RAD_SNPs_standard_variant_calling.vcf.tar.gz: VCF file (gzip-compressed tarball) containing 131,661 SNPs from standard variant calling pipelines.</li> <li>mitochondrial_markers_full_data.nex: Nexus file containing mitochondrial (mt) sequences used for mt-phylogeny. Partitioned for COX2, tRNA-Lys, ATP8, and ATP6. </li> <li>sequences_nuclear_genotype_with_zebra_finch_TG.tar.gz: Directory (gzip-compressed tarball) containing genotype sequence (heterozygous sites with IUPAC codes) alignments of nuclear markers in nexus files. In addition to the study species, the sequence for zebra finch <em>Taeniopygia guttata</em> is included with sample code TG.</li> <li>sequences_nuclear_phased_and_mitochondrial_haplotypes_matching.tar.gz: Directory (gzip-compressed tarball) containing phased sequence (haplotype) alignments of nuclear markers in nexus files. These include only those individuals that match individuals sequenced for mitochondrial markers (also included here). In case of recombining loci, both the full locus and the largest non-recombining block are represented.</li> <li>sequences_nuclear_phased_haplotypes_all.tar.gz: Directory (gzip-compressed tarball) containing phased sequence (haplotype) alignments of nuclear markers in nexus files. These include all individuals. In case of recombining loci, both the full locus and the largest non-recombining block are represented.</li> <li>microsatellite_dataset.xlsx: Microsatellite datasets for the study species and additional outgroups. <ul> </ul> <p>Sequences and short read datasets available from NCBI; accession numbers in Table S9 (Table_S9_samples_accession_nos.xlsx).</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Study summary</strong></p> <p>Sister species occurring sympatrically on islands are rare and offer unique opportunities to understand how speciation can proceed in the face of gene flow. The São Tomé grosbeak is a massive-billed, ‘giant’ finch endemic to the island of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea, where it has diverged from its co-occurring sister species the Príncipe seedeater, an average-sized finch that also inhabits two neighbouring islands. Here, we show that the grosbeak carries a large number of unique alleles different from all three Príncipe seedeater populations, but also shares many alleles with the sympatric São Tomé population of the seedeater, a genomic signature signifying divergence in isolation as well as subsequent introgressive hybridization. Furthermore, genomic segments that remain unique to the grosbeak are situated close to genes, including genes that determine bill morphology, suggesting the preservation of adaptive variation through natural selection during divergence with gene flow. This study reveals a complex speciation process whereby genetic drift, introgression, and selection during periods of isolation and secondary contact all have shaped the diverging genomes of these sympatric island endemic finches.</p>
Genomic insights into the critically endangered King Island scrubtit
<p>Small, fragmented or isolated populations are at risk of population decline due to fitness costs associated with inbreeding and genetic drift. The King Island scrubtit <em>Acanthornis magna greeniana </em>is a critically endangered subspecies of the nominate Tasmanian scrubtit <em>A. m. magna, </em>with an estimated population of < 100 individuals persisting in three patches of swamp forest. The Tasmanian scrubtit is widespread in wet forests on mainland Tasmania. We sequenced the scrubtit genome using PacBio HiFi and undertook a population genomic study of the King Island and Tasmanian scrubtits using a double-digest restriction site-associated DNA (ddRAD) dataset of 5,239 SNP loci. The genome was 1.48 Gb long, comprising 1,518 contigs with an N50 of 7.715 Mb. King Island scrubtits formed one of four overall genetic clusters, but separated into three distinct subpopulations when analysed independently of the Tasmanian scrubtit. Pairwise F<sub>ST</sub> values were greater among the King Island scrubtit subpopulations than among most Tasmanian scrubtit subpopulations. Genetic diversity was lower and inbreeding coefficients were higher in the King Island scrubtit than all except one of the Tasmanian scrubtit subpopulations. We observed crown baldness in 8/15 King Island scrubtits, but 0/55 Tasmanian scrubtits. Six loci were significantly associated with baldness, including one within the DOCK11 gene which is linked to early feather development. Contemporary gene flow between King Island scrubtit subpopulations is unlikely, with further field monitoring required to quantify the fitness consequences of its small population size, low genetic diversity and high inbreeding. Evidence-based conservation actions can then be implemented before the taxon goes extinct.</p>
Genomic insights into the critically endangered King Island scrubtit
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Data from: Genomic landscapes of divergence among island bird populations: evidence of parallel adaptation but at different loci?
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A comparison of genomic islands of differentiation across three young avian species pairs
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Disentangling complex histories of hybridisation: The genomic consequences of ancient and recent introgression in Channel Island monkeyflowers
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Conditionally deleterious mutation load accumulates in genomic islands but can be purged with sufficient genotypic redundancy
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Data from: Island size shapes genomic diversity in a great speciator (Aves: Zosterops)
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Data from: Genomic variation, population history and within-archipelago adaptation between island bird populations
<p>Oceanic island archipelagos provide excellent models to understand evolutionary processes. Colonisation events and gene flow can interact with selection to shape genetic variation at different spatial scales. Landscape-scale variation in biotic and abiotic factors may drive fine-scale selection within islands, while long-term evolutionary processes may drive divergence between distantly related populations. Here, we examine patterns of population history and selection between recently diverged populations of the Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii), a passerine endemic to three North Atlantic archipelagos. First we use demographic trees and f3 statistics to show that genome-wide divergence across the species range is largely shaped by colonisation and bottlenecks, with evidence of very weak gene flow between populations. Then, using a genome scan approach, we identify signatures of divergent selection within-archipelagos at SNPs in genes potentially associated with craniofacial development and DNA repair. We did not detect within-archipelago selection at the same SNPs as were detected previously at broader spatial scales between archipelagos, but did identify signatures of selection at loci associated with similar biological functions. These findings suggest that similar ecological factors may repeatedly drive selection between recently separated populations, as well as at broad spatial scales across varied landscapes. </p>
Data from: Genomic islands of differentiation in two songbird species reveal candidate genes for hybrid female sterility
Hybrid sterility is a common first step in the evolution of postzygotic reproductive isolation. According to Haldane's Rule it affects predominantly the heterogametic sex. While the genetic basis of hybrid male sterility in organisms with heterogametic males has been studied for decades, the genetic basis of hybrid female sterility in organisms with heterogametic females has received much less attention. We investigated the genetic basis of reproductive isolation in two closely related avian species, the Common Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) and the Thrush Nightingale (L. luscinia), that hybridize in a secondary contact zone and produce viable hybrid progeny. In accordance with Haldane's Rule, hybrid females are sterile, while hybrid males are fertile, allowing gene flow to occur between the species. Using transcriptomic data from multiple individuals of both nightingale species we identified genomic islands of high differentiation (FST) and of high divergence (Dxy), and we analyzed gene content and patterns of molecular evolution within these islands. Interestingly, we found that these islands were enriched for genes related to female meiosis and metabolism. The islands of high differentiation and divergence were also characterized by higher levels of linkage disequilibrium than the rest of the genome in both species indicating that they might be situated in genomic regions of low recombination. This study provides one of the first insights into genetic basis of hybrid female sterility in organisms with heterogametic females.
Data from: Long-term in situ persistence of biodiversity in tropical sky-islands revealed by landscape genomics
Tropical mountains are areas of high species richness and endemism. Two historical phenomena may have contributed to this: (1) fragmentation and isolation of habitats may have promoted the genetic differentiation of populations and increased the possibility of allopatric divergence and speciation, and; (2) the mountain areas may have allowed long-term population persistence during global climate fluctuations. These two phenomena have been studied using either species occurrence data or estimating species divergence times. However, only few studies have used intraspecific genetic data to analyse the mechanisms by which endemism may emerge at the microevolutionary scale. Here, we use landscape analysis of genomic SNP data sampled from two high-elevation plant species from an archipelago of tropical sky-islands (the Transmexican Volcanic Belt) to test for population genetic differentiation, synchronous demographic changes and habitat persistence. We show that genetic differentiation can be explained by the degree of glacial habitat connectivity among mountains, and that mountains have facilitated the persistence of populations throughout glacial/interglacial cycles. Our results support the ongoing role of tropical mountains as cradles for biodiversity by uncovering cryptic differentiation and limits to gene flow.
Divergent selection in low recombination regions shapes the genomic islands in two incipient shorebird species
<p>Divergent selection in the face of gene <span>flow is usually associated with</span> a heterogeneous genomic landscape of divergence in nascent species pairs. However, multiple factors, such as divergent selection and local recombination rate variation, can influence the formation of these genomic island. This conundrum can be solved through examination of the genomic landscapes of species pairs that are still in the early stages of evolution. In this study, population genomics analyses were undertaken using a wide range of sampling and whole-genome resequencing data from 96 unrelated individuals of Kentish plover (<em>Charadrius alexandrinus</em>) and white-faced plover (<em>C. dealbatus</em>). We suggest that the two species exhibit varying levels of population admixture along the Chinese coast and on Taiwan Island<span>.</span> <span>Genome-wide analyses for introgression indicate that ancient introgression had occurred in Taiwan population, and recurrent gene flow is still ongoing in mainland coastal populations</span>. Furthermore, we identified a few genomic regions with significant levels of interspecific differentiation and local recombination suppression, which<span> contain several genes potentially associated with disease resistance, coloration, and regulation of plumage moulting, thus may be connected to the phenotypic and ecological divergence of</span> the two nascent species<span>. Overall, our findings suggest that divergent selection in low recombination regions may be the main force in shaping the genomic islands in two incipient shorebird species.</span></p>
Genomic associations with poxvirus across divergent island populations in Berthelot's pipit
<p><span>Understanding the mechanisms and genes that enable animal populations to adapt to pathogens is important from an evolutionary, health and conservation perspective. Berthelot's pipit (<em>Anthus berthelotii</em>) experiences extensive and consistent spatial heterogeneity in </span><span>avian pox infection pressure across its range of island populations</span><span>, thus providing an excellent system with which to examine how pathogen-mediated selection drives spatial variation in immunogenetic diversity. Here we test for evidence of genetic variation associated with avian pox at both an individual and population-level. At the individual level, we find no evidence that variation in MHC class I and TLR4 (both known to be important in recognising viral infection) was associated with pox infection within two separate populations. However, using genotype-environment association (Bayenv) in conjunction with genome-wide (ddRAD-seq) data, we detected strong associations between population-level avian pox prevalence and allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at a number of sites across the genome. These sites were located within genes </span><span>involved in cellular </span><span>stress signalling and immune responses, many of which have previously been associated with responses to viral infection in humans and other animals. Consequently, our analyses indicates that pathogen-mediated selection may play a role in shaping genomic variation among relatively recently colonised island bird populations and highlights the utility of genotype-environment associations for identifying candidate genes potentially involved in host-pathogen interactions.</span></p>
High-density genomic data reveal fine-scale population structure and pronounced islands of adaptive divergence in lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from Lake Michigan
<p>Understanding patterns of genetic structure and adaptive variation in natural populations is crucial for informing conservation and management. Past genetic research using 11 microsatellite loci identified six genetic stocks of lake whitefish (<em>Coregonus clupeaformis</em>) within Lake Michigan, USA. However, ambiguity in genetic stock assignments suggested those neutral microsatellite markers did not provide adequate power for delineating lake whitefish stocks in this system, prompting calls for a genomics approach to investigate stock structure. Here, we generated a dense genomic dataset to characterize population structure and investigate patterns of neutral and adaptive genetic diversity among lake whitefish populations in Lake Michigan. Using Rapture sequencing, we genotyped 829 individuals collected from 17 baseline populations at 197,588 SNP markers after quality filtering. Although the overall pattern of genetic structure was similar to the previous microsatellite study, our genomic data provided several novel insights. Our results indicated a large genetic break between the northwestern and eastern sides of Lake Michigan, and we found a much greater level of population structure on the eastern side compared to the northwestern side. Collectively, we observed five genomic islands of adaptive divergence on five different chromosomes. Each island displayed a different pattern of population structure, suggesting that combinations of genotypes at these adaptive regions are facilitating local adaptation to spatially heterogenous selection pressures. Additionally, we identified a large linkage disequilibrium block of ~8.5 Mb on chromosome 20 that is suggestive of a putative inversion but with a low frequency of the minor haplotype. Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of population structure and adaptive variation that can help inform management of Lake Michigan's lake whitefish fishery and highlights the utility of incorporating adaptive loci into fisheries management. </p>
Genome-wide SNP analysis elucidates the evolution of Prunus takesimensis in Ulleung Island: Genetic consequences of anagenetic speciation
<p>Of two major speciation modes of endemic plants on oceanic islands, cladogenesis and anagenesis, the latter has been recently emphasized as an effective mechanism for increasing plant diversity in isolated, ecologically homogeneous insular setting. As a single flowering cherry occurring on Ulleung Island in East Sea, <i>Prunus takesimensis</i> Nakai has been presumed as derived through anagenetic speciation on the Island. Based on morphological similarities, <i>P. sargentii </i>distributed in adjacent continental areas and islands has been suggested as its purported continental progenitor.<i> </i>However, the overall genetic complexity and resultant non-monophylies of closely related flowering cherries have hindered determining their phylogenetic relationships as well as establishing concrete continental progenitor and insular derivative relationship. Based on extensive sampling of wild flowering cherries including <i>P. takesimensis</i> and<i> P. sargentii</i> from Ulleung Island and its adjacent areas, this study inferred the origin and evolution of <i>P. takesimensis</i> using multiple different molecular markers. As the result of phylogeny and population genetic structure analyses based on SNPs detected by MIG-Seq and complementary cpDNA haplotypes, we could provide the extensive and convincing evidence for (1) the monophyly of<i> P. takesimensis</i>,<i> </i>(2) clear genetic differentiation between <i>P. takesimensis</i> (insular derivative) and <i>P. sargentii</i> (continental progenitor), (3) the geographic origin of <i>P. takesimensis</i> via single introduction from source population of <i>P. sargentii</i> in Korean Peninsula, (4) no significant genetic reduction in anagenetically derived insular species <i>P. takesimsnsis</i> compared to continental progenitor <i>P. sargentii</i>, (5) no strong population genetic structuring or geographical patters in the insular derived species, and (6) Mig-seq method as an effective tool to unravel complex evolutionary history of plant groups.</p>
Genomic diversity and differentiation between island and mainland populations of White‐tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla)
<p>Using whole genome shotgun sequences from 92 white-tailed eagles (<em>Haliaeetus albicilla</em>) sampled from Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Estonia, and Turkey between 1885–1950 and after 1990, we investigate the genomic variation within countries over time, and between countries. Clear signatures of ancient biogeographic substructure across Europe and the North‐East Atlantic are observed. The greatest genomic differentiation was observed between island (Greenland and Iceland) and mainland (Denmark, Norway and Estonia) populations. The two island populations share a common ancestry from a single mainland population, distinct from the other sampled mainland populations, and despite the potential for high connectivity between Iceland and Greenland they are well separated from each other and are characterized by inbreeding and little variation. Temporal differences also highlight a pattern of regional populations persisting despite the potential for admixture. All sampled populations generally showed a decline in effective population size over time, which may have been shaped by four historical events: I) isolation of refugia during the last glacial period 110‐115,000 years ago, II) population divergence following the colonization of the deglaciated areas ~10,000 years ago, III) human population expansion, which led to the settlement in Iceland ~1,100 years ago, and IV) human persecution and exposure to toxic pollutants during the last two centuries.</p>
Data from: Genomic islands of differentiation in two songbird species reveal candidate genes for hybrid female sterility
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Divergent selection in low recombination regions shapes the genomic islands in two incipient shorebird species
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