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69 results for “Geographical divergence”
Divergent geographic patterns and functional characteristics: Subtle mapping for ponds in the Yangtze River Delta Region
<p>Pond water surfaces (PWS) possess diverse functional types, such as aquaculture, agriculture-water supplement, and ecosystem regulation. However, existing research often treats PWS as a homogeneous aquatic ecosystem; the absence of a comprehensive PWS classification system hinders ours understanding of PWS background characteristics and is detrimental to watershed management. Here, a comprehensive classification system of PWS, including fish aquaculture ponds (FAP), shrimp and crab aquaculture ponds (SCAP), natural ponds (NP), and landscaping ponds (LP) was proposed from remote sensing perspectives. Additionally, interpretation rules were standardized from multi-features including spectrum, shape, topography, and surrounding geographical environments. Subsequently, refined spatiotemporal data product of PWS in the Yangtze River Delta from 2016 to 2022 was generated using Sentinel-2 images with 10 m spatial resolutions. The results indicate that: (1) The spatiotemporal changes exhibited three stages, i.e., “declining – stable – recovery.” The area of PWS decreased from 5186.52 km² to 4920.90 km²in 2016-2017, stabilized at approximately 4500 km² in 2019-2021, and then rebounded to 4834.12 km² in 2022. (2) Regarding different PWS functional types, significant differences were demonstrated in terms of area, surrounding environment, and spatiotemporal changes. Firstly, FAP dominated in terms of area, accounting for 47.81% of the total. Secondly, FAP was widely around rivers and lakes. At the same time, SCAP was concentrated around lakes or along the coast, LP was primarily found in urban areas, and NP was predominantly found in rural areas and mountainous regions; Thirdly, NP decreased as land remediation work progressed continuously, while LP increased due to policy support for urban renewal. Changes in aquaculture were more complex, experiencing a sharp decline from 2016 to 2020 due to reduced market demand but rebounded in 2021-2022 with supportive policies. In summary, the system and data products developed in this study reveal the diverse relationships of "functional type-geographical environment-driving factor" regarding PWS, implicating appropriate planning for aquatic ecosystem.</p>
Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: the history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs
<p>The geographic distribution of phenotypic variation among closely related populations is a valuable source of information about the evolutionary processes that generate and maintain biodiversity. Leapfrog distributions, in which phenotypically similar populations are disjunctly distributed and separated by one or more phenotypically distinct populations, represent geographic replicates for the existence of a phenotype, and are therefore especially informative. Phyllobates poison frogs. We found evidence for high levels of gene flow between neighboring populations but not over long distances, indicating that gene flow between populations exhibiting the central phenotype may have a homogenizing effect that maintains their similarity, and that introgression between "leapfroging" taxa has not played a prominent role as a driver of phenotypic diversity in <i>Phyllobates</i>. Although phylogenetic analyses suggest that the leapfrog distribution was formed through independent evolution of the peripheral (i.e. leapfrogging) populations, the elevated levels of gene flow between geographically close populations poise alternative scenarios, such as the history of phenotypic change becoming decoupled from genome-averaged patterns of divergence, which we cannot rule out. These results highlight the importance of incorporating gene flow between populations into the study of geographic variation in phenotypes, both as a driver of phenotypic diversity and as a confounding factor of phylogeographic inferences.</p>
Data from: Biodiversity patterns diverge along geographic temperature gradients
<p>Models applying space-for-time substitution, including those projecting ecological responses to climate change, generally assume an elevational and latitudinal equivalence that is rarely tested. However, a mismatch may lead to different capacities for providing climatic refuge to dispersing species. We compiled community data on zooplankton, ectothermic animals that form the consumer basis of most aquatic food webs, from over 1,200 mountain lakes and ponds across western North America to assess biodiversity along geographic temperature gradients spanning nearly 3,750 metres of elevation and 30 degrees latitude. Species richness, phylogenetic relationships, and functional diversity all showed contrasting responses across gradients, with richness metrics plateauing at low elevations but exhibiting intermediate latitudinal maxima. The nonmonotonic/hump-shaped diversity trends with latitude emerged from geographic interactions, including weaker latitudinal relationships at higher elevations (i.e. in alpine lakes) linked to different underlying drivers. Here, divergent patterns of phylogenetic and functional trait dispersion indicate shifting roles of environmental filters and limiting similarity in the assembly of communities with increasing elevation and latitude. We further tested whether gradients showed common responses to warmer temperatures and found that mean annual (but not seasonal) temperatures predicted elevational richness patterns but failed to capture consistent trends with latitude, meaning that predictions of how climate change will influence diversity also differ between gradients. Contrasting responses to elevation- and latitude-driven warming suggest different limits on climatic refugia and likely greater barriers to northward range expansion.</p>
Fig. 6. Divergence times estimated from a in Ecological and geographical speciation in Lucilia bufonivora: The evolution of amphibian obligate parasitism
Fig. 6. Divergence times estimated from a concatenated data set of per, COX1 and ITS2 sequences for the Lucilia bufornivora species group. Substitution model and relaxed clock models were unlinked for each gene. The tree was calibrated by setting the root to the node age corresponding to the split between Luciilinae and Calliphorinae subfamilies (~19 mya) as estimated by Wallman et al. (2005). Blue bars represent 95% highest posterior density (HPD) of each node age. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: the history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs
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Data from: Biodiversity patterns diverge along geographic temperature gradients
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Data from: Patterns of divergence across the geographic and genomic landscape of a butterfly hybrid zone associated with a climatic gradient
Hybrid zones are a valuable tool for studying the process of speciation and for identifying the genomic regions undergoing divergence and the ecological (extrinsic) and non-ecological (intrinsic) factors involved. Here, we explored the genomic and geographic landscape of divergence in a hybrid zone between Papilio glaucus and Papilio canadensis. Using a genome scan of 28,417 ddRAD SNPs, we identified genomic regions under possible selection and examined their distribution in the context of previously identified candidate genes for ecological adaptations. We showed that differentiation was genome-wide, including multiple candidate genes for ecological adaptations, particularly those involved in seasonal adaptation and host plant detoxification. The Z-chromosome and four autosomes showed a disproportionate amount of differentiation, suggesting genes on these chromosomes play a potential role in reproductive isolation. Cline analyses of significantly differentiated genomic SNPs, and of species diagnostic genetic markers, showed a high degree of geographic coincidence (81%) and concordance (80%) and were associated with the geographic distribution of a climate-mediated developmental threshold (length of the growing season). A relatively large proportion (1.3%) of the outliers for divergent selection were not associated with candidate genes for ecological adaptations and may reflect the presence of previously unrecognized intrinsic barriers between these species. These results suggest that exogenous (climate-mediated) and endogenous (unknown) clines may have become coupled and act together to reinforce reproductive isolation. This approach of assessing divergence across both the genomic and geographic landscape can provide insight about the interplay between the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation and endogenous and exogenous selection.
Data from: Distributional shifts – not geographic isolation – as a probable driver of montane species divergence
As biodiversity hotspots, montane regions have been a focus of research to understand the divergence process. Like their oceanic counterparts, the diversity of the "sky islands" might be ascribed to geographic isolation of mountaintops. However, because the sky islands, and especially those in northern latitudes, are subject to extreme climatic events such as the glacial cycles that drove both altitudinal and geographical shifts in species' distributions, the dynamic colonization process is also a possible factor driving divergence. Here we test these two hypotheses (i.e., isolation versus colonization) in a flightless montane grasshopper, Melanoplus oregonensis, which is a member of a diverse group that radiated across the Rocky Mountains of North America. Using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) and spatially explicit simulations that account for spatial heterogeneity and temporal shifts in species distributions, we show that a colonization model of the sky islands from refugial populations provides a significantly better fit to the empirical genetic data than a model of the geographic isolation among sky islands. Moreover, support for the colonization model holds irrespective of whether the movement of individuals was modeled as a diffusion process or was informed by differences in habitat suitabilities across the landscape. With validation analyses to confirm the models provide a good fit to the data, as well as general power and quality analyses, the research not only adds to a growing body of work on the complex dynamics underlying montane biodiversity, but it also provides much needed evaluation of competing hypotheses based on explicit models of the divergence process, as opposed to inferences about diversification drivers from species diversity patterns.
Divergent geographic variation in above- versus belowground secondary metabolites of Reynoutria japonica
<ol> <li>Secondary metabolites play an important role in plant adaptation because they can mitigate biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. However, their production and allocation incur different costs and benefits and are therefore subject to trade-offs, which are less studied.</li> <li>To understand large-scale geographic patterns of secondary metabolites, and their environmental drivers and trade-offs, we studied 39 natural populations of the perennial herb Japanese knotweed (<em>Reynoutria japonica</em>) along a large latitudinal gradient in China. We measured the concentrations of six polyphenols in leaves and rhizomes of <em>R. japonica</em> and associated the variation in these metabolites with biotic and abiotic environmental factors as well as with functional plant traits and putative costs of secondary metabolites.</li> <li>We found that climate was an important driver of variation in secondary metabolites, both above- and belowground. Remarkably, the patterns of association differed between leaves and rhizomes, as well as between putative low-cost vs. high-cost compounds. While annual mean temperature was a stronger predictor of aboveground metabolites, annual precipitation was more frequently associated with variation in belowground metabolites. Moreover, annual temperature was positively associated with high-cost metabolites, but negatively with low-cost metabolites. Aboveground secondary metabolites were generally more strongly associated with functional traits (e.g., specific leaf area) than belowground metabolites, and in all cases, the directions of correlation were opposite for low-cost versus high-cost metabolites aboveground. The patterns of association also varied with latitude such that leaf concentrations of low-cost metabolites (quercetin) increased but those of high-cost metabolites (resveratrol, piceid and emodin) decreased at higher latitudes. In rhizomes, in contrast, the concentrations of high-cost metabolites (piceid and emodin) increased with latitude.</li> <li>Synthesis. Our findings indicate that allocation strategies differ between above- and belowground tissues of <em>R. japonica</em>. As latitude increases, <em>R. japonica</em> invests relatively more into belowground metabolites. We propose that reduced high-cost metabolites in the leaves at higher latitudes may help to conserve nutrients after defoliation, while maintaining high-cost metabolites in rhizomes may be important for persistent allelopathic effects and resource conservation belowground. The divergent patterns of above- and belowground metabolite allocation thus likely reflect the multiple functions of metabolites and the plants' adaptation to different environments.</li> </ol>
Data from: Population genomics reveal deep divergence and strong geographical structuring in the Hengduan Mountains
<p>We used restriction site-associated DNA sequencing to generate 1,907 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and four-kb of plastid sequence in species of the <em>Gentiana hexaphylla</em> complex (Gentianaceae). We performed genetic clustering with spatial and non-spatial models, phylogenetic reconstructions, and ancestral range estimation, with the aim of addressing the processes influencing the diversification of <em>G</em>. <em>hexaphylla</em> in the HM. Here, the SNP data and plastid sequence alignments are provided.</p>
Ecological, genetic and geographical divergence explain differences in sunbird (Nectariniidae) colouration
<p>Bird plumages are among the most elaborate ornaments, displaying almost all colours of the rainbow. Why and how birds are so colourful remains an open question with multiple and sometimes competing hypotheses. Different colours in different patches might have different functions and thus result from different forms of selection (e.g., natural vs. sexual selection). Here we test three hypotheses that might explain colour differences: (1) species isolation, (2) light environment, and (3) Brownian motion. We show that both natural and sexual selection affect the evolution of sunbird colouration, but that their extent and direction differs between sexes, by species interactions, and for different patches across the body. Even though overlap in the light environment explains part of colour differences in species, no colour metric (brightness and chroma) correlates to the light environment. It is likely that these results, where multiple forms of selection influence colouration in different ways, are more general across birds, highlighting the need to investigate bird colouration as a network of individual but inter-connected colour patches.</p>
Data from: Genomic differentiation during speciation-with-gene-flow: comparing geographic and host-related variation in divergent life history adaptation in Rhagoletis pomonella
A major goal of evolutionary biology is to understand how variation within populations gets partitioned into differences between reproductively isolated species. Here, we examine the degree to which diapause life history timing, a critical adaptation promoting population divergence, explains geographic and host-related genetic variation in ancestral hawthorn and recently derived apple-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella. Our strategy involved combining experiments on two different aspects of diapause (initial diapause intensity and adult eclosion time) with a geographic survey of genomic variation across four sites where apple and hawthorn flies co-occur from north to south in the Midwestern USA. The results demonstrated that the majority of the genome showing significant geographic and host-related variation can be accounted for by initial diapause intensity and eclosion time. Local genomic differences between sympatric apple and hawthorn flies were subsumed within broader geographic clines; allele frequency differences within the races across the Midwest were 2 to 3-fold greater than those between the races in sympatry. As a result, sympatric apple and hawthorn populations displayed more limited genomic clustering compared to geographic populations within the races. The findings suggest that with reduced gene flow and increased selection on diapause equivalent to that seen between geographic sites, the host races may be recognized as different genotypic entities in sympatry, and perhaps species, a hypothesis requiring future genomic analysis of related sibling species to R. pomonella to test. Our findings concerning the way selection and geography interplay could be of broad significance for many cases of earlier stages of divergence-with-gene flow, including (1) where only modest increases in geographic isolation and the strength of selection may greatly impact genetic coupling and (2) the dynamics of how spatial and temporal standing variation is extracted by selection to generate differences between new and discrete units of biodiversity.
Liolophura species discrimination with geographical distribution patterns and their divergence and expansion history on the northwestern Pacific coast
<p>Please refer to Choi et al. (2021): "Choi, E.H., Yeo, M.Y., Kim, G. <i>et al.</i> <i>Liolophura</i> species discrimination with geographical distribution patterns and their divergence and expansion history on the northwestern Pacific coast. <i>Sci Rep</i> <b>11, </b>17602 (2021).</p> <p>The chiton <em>Liolophura japonica</em> (Lischke, 1873) is widely distributed in intertidal coastal areas of the northwestern Pacific. Here we show species discrimination of <em>L. japonica</em> into two species and one subspecies based on <em>COI</em> and <em>16S rRNA</em>;<em> L. koreana</em>, sp. nov. was mainly distributed at ca. 33°24'–38°32' N, <em>L. japonica</em> at ca. 33°24'–35°53' N, and <em>L. j. sinensis</em>, ssp. nov. at ca. 27°02'–28°00' N. These species were morphologically distinguishable by black spots on the tegmentum and the shape of spicules on the perinotum. In addition, we have discussed their molecular divergence times (3.37 mya for<em> L. koreana </em>and<em> L. japonica</em>, around the mid Pliocene warm period; 1.84 mya for <em>L. japonica </em>and <em>L. j. sinensis</em>), demographic expansion events following the last interglacial age, called the Eemian (129–116 kya), and augmentation of <em>COI</em> haplotype diversity during the late-middle to late Pleistocene. Their latitudinal geographical distribution gradients may be helpful for monitoring the migration of marine 38 invertebrates north, fostered by global warming in the northwestern Pacific.</p>
Geographic isolation alone does not explain divergence of a group of orchid species across Brazil's campos rupestres sky-islands
<p class="MsoNormal">Mountains play a crucial role in the origin and maintenance of Neotropical biodiversity, but there are still unanswered questions about the diversification of the <em><span>campos rupestres</span></em> (CR), an herbaceous-shrubby sky-island vegetation in Eastern South America. For orchids distributed across this disjunct rock habitat, difficulties with distinguishing morphological taxa add an additional challenge to disentangling the history of divergence. Here, we combined the power of ddRAD genomic data with broad sampling of <em>Bulbophyllum</em> sect. <em>Didactyle</em> (Orchidaceae), across the CR and other Neotropical outcrops, to estimate evolutionary relationships and reconstruct the biogeography of the group's diversification. Although genetic lineages generally align with geographic disjunctions, we also observe distantly related lineages within some previously recognized species. For such taxa, their lack of monophyly and a shared regional divergence pattern suggests a complex history that may include unrecognized diversity. When viewed through the lens of morphological variability, our study raises intriguing questions about the persistence and permeability of species barriers among orchid populations. These results, in addition to the recency of the divergence history of <em>B.</em> sect. <em>Didactyle,</em> provide insights about hypothesized community level versus species-specific paths of diversification across the Neotropical sky-islands of the CR.</p>
Data for Geographic variation in phenotypic divergence between two hybridizing field cricket species
<p><span>Patterns of morphological divergence across species' ranges can provide insight into local adaptation and speciation. In this study, we compare phenotypic divergence among 4,221 crickets from 337 populations of two closely related species of field cricket, <em>Gryllus firmus</em> and <em>G. pennsylvanicus </em>and their hybrids. We find that these species differ across their geographic range in key morphological traits, such as body size and ovipositor length, and we directly compare phenotype with genotype for a subset of crickets to demonstrate nuclear genetic introgression, phenotypic intermediacy of hybrids, and essentially unidirectional mitochondrial introgression. We discuss how these morphological traits relate to life history differences between these two species. Our comparisons across geographic areas support prior research that suggested that cryptic variation within <em>G. firmus</em> may represent different species. Overall, our study highlights how variable morphology can be across wide ranging species, and the importance of studying reproductive barriers in more than one or two transects of a hybrid zone.</span></p>
Data from: Population genomics reveal deep divergence and strong geographical structuring in the Hengduan Mountains
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Divergent geographic variation in above- versus belowground secondary metabolites of Reynoutria japonica
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Data from: Distributional shifts – not geographic isolation – as a probable driver of montane species divergence
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Data from: Geographical variation in community divergence: insights from tropical forest monodominance by ectomycorrhizal trees
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Geographic isolation alone does not explain divergence of a group of orchid species across Brazil’s campos rupestres sky-islands
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