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34 results for “Giant size”
SBC LTER: Reef: Seasonal Kelp Forest Community Dynamics: Abundance and size of Giant Kelp
These data describe the abundance and size of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) within permanent plots of SBCLTER's seasonal kelp forest monitoring program to track long-term patterns in species abundance and diversity. The number of giant kelp > 1 m tall were recorded within four contiguous 20 m x 1m permanent plots located within a 40 m x 2 m area. The number of fronds > 1 m tall were counted for each individual and used as an estimate of its size. The experiment was initiated in 2008 at five reef sites along the mainland coast of the Santa Barbara Channel.
SBC LTER: Reef: Kelp Forest Community Dynamics: Abundance and size of Giant Kelp (Macrocystis Pyrifera), ongoing since 2000
These data describe the abundance of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and are part of the SBCLTER kelp forest monitoring program. The study was initiated in 2000, in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, USA, and this dataset is updated once per year. The number and size (number of fronds and diameter of holdfasts) of plants were recorded along permanent transects at nine reef sites located along the mainland coast of the Santa Barbara Channel and at two sites on the north side Santa Cruz Island. These sites reflect several oceanographic regimes in the channel and vary in distance from sources of terrestrial runoff. The time period of data collection varied among the 11 kelp forest sites. Sampling at BULL, CARP, and NAPL began in 2000, sampling at the other 6 mainland sites (AHND, AQUE, IVEE, GOLB, ABUR, MOHK) began in 2001 (transects 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 at IVEE were added in 2011). Data collection at the two Santa Cruz Island sites (SCTW and SCDI) began in 2004. See Methods for more information.
SBC LTER: Reef: Long-term experiment: Kelp removal: Abundance and size of Giant Kelp
These data describe the abundance and size of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) within permanent plots of a long-term experiment designed to examine trajectories of change in the structure and productivity of kelp forest communities in response to changes in the frequency and severity of disturbance to giant kelp. The number of giant kelp > 1 m tall were recorded within four contiguous 20 m x 1m permanent plots located within a 40 m x 2 m area. The number of fronds > 1 m tall were counted for each individual and used as an estimate of its size. The experiment was initiated in 2008 at five reef sites along the mainland coast of the Santa Barbara Channel and included an annual kelp removal treatment designed to simulate increases in the frequency and severity of winter wave disturbance and a continual kelp removal treatment that allowed the effects of giant kelp on the community to be evaluated. The last experimental removals of giant kelp occurred in winter 2016 or winter 2017, depending on the site. Data collection continued in all plots until spring 2023 to document the recovery trajectory of the reef fish community following the cessation of experimental kelp removal.
SONGS Mitigation Monitoring: Experimental Reef Survey - Giant Kelp Outplant Size-Specific Survivorship
These data describe the size-specific survivorship of laboratory-reared embryonic giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, outplanted at an artificial reef (Wheeler North Reef in Orange County, CA). In summer 2000 divers deployed an average of 56 outplant units containing embryonic kelp to 14 modules of Wheeler North Reef. Size specific survivorship was measured by recording the number and size of outplanted kelp on surviving outplant units three and eleven months after deployment. Measurements of size were categorical and included small single blades (recruits), multi-bladed plants less than 1m tall, and multi-frond plants equal or greater than 1 m tall.
Рис. 9. Частотно-раЗмерное распределение створок устрицы (Crassostrea gigas) иЗ раковинной кучи (все выборки). Fig. 9. Size-frequency distribution of valves of the giant oyster (Crassostrea gigas) from the shell-midden (all samples). in Mollusks from the shell-midden of the Telyakovskogo 2 site in southern Primorye (Yankovskaya culture), their paleoecology and role in paleoeconomy
Рис. 9. Частотно-раЗмерное распределение створок устрицы (Crassostrea gigas) иЗ раковинной кучи (все выборки). Fig. 9. Size-frequency distribution of valves of the giant oyster (Crassostrea gigas) from the shell-midden (all samples).
Convergent evolution of giant size in eurypterids
<p>Eurypterids, Paleozoic marine and freshwater arthropods commonly known as sea scorpions, repeatedly evolved to remarkable sizes (over 0.5 m in length) and repeatedly colonized continental aquatic habitats. We compiled data on the majority of eurypterid species and explored several previously proposed explanations for the evolution of giant size in the group including the potential role of habitat, sea surface temperature and dissolved sea surface oxygen levels using a phylogenetic comparative approach with a new tip-dated tree. Overall, there is no compelling evidence that the evolution of giant size was driven by temperature or oxygen levels, nor that it was coupled with the invasion of continental aquatic environments, latitude, or local faunal diversity. Eurypterid body size evolution is best characterized by rapid bursts of change that occurred independently of habitat or environmental conditions. Intrinsic factors likely played a larger role than previously recognized in determining the convergent origin of gigantism in eurypterids.</p>
"I'm something of an untrained, unofficial cultural anthropologist myself. Ihave a business interviewing people to capture their personal histories. I'm always interested how people fit into their world and how they affect their world. I'm a graphic designer who works in the same building as the printing presses that I recorded. Iwalk past the presses every day on my way to talk to the folks in the prepress department. I'm on friendly but not drinking terms with the pressmen. I'm a friend with the prepress manager. Three Heidelberg presses are installed side by side in an open warehouse-like room. The presses are about twenty feet long and about five feet high. With their series of four humps or mounds where each printing cylinder is located, the presses remind one of giant, gray, mechanical caterpillars. Each press has a cyan cylinder, a magenta cylinder, a yellow cylinder and a black cylinder – so the humps are brightly colored. The presses are well lit by banks of fluorescent lights hanging from the ceiling over each press. When you walk into the press room you hear the sound of rock music blaring from a boom box radio mixed with the general din of the presses. It is only when you walk up to a press like Idid for the recordings that you really start to hear the individual strains of clicking, clacking and mechanical, syncopated chattering. When I made my recordings I was intrigued by the subtle variations in the sounds produced by these machines that aren't apparent when you first walk through the door. The pressmen were kind enough to allow me to walk right up to the presses and poke my microphone quite close to the rotating press cylinders. Iuse a Danish Pro Audio microphone about the size of a pencil eraser. An extremely sensitive mic with the capacity for capturing loud sounds such as the presses up close. Rotating the mic to one side or the other focused on the unique sounds coming from one cylinder or the other." [Kevin/KMerrell]18 in Collecting Sounds. Online Sharing of Field Recordings as Cultural Practice
"I'm something of an untrained, unofficial cultural anthropologist myself. Ihave a business interviewing people to capture their personal histories. I'm always interested how people fit into their world and how they affect their world. I'm a graphic designer who works in the same building as the printing presses that I recorded. Iwalk past the presses every day on my way to talk to the folks in the prepress department. I'm on friendly but not drinking terms with the pressmen. I'm a friend with the prepress manager. Three Heidelberg presses are installed side by side in an open warehouse-like room. The presses are about twenty feet long and about five feet high. With their series of four humps or mounds where each printing cylinder is located, the presses remind one of giant, gray, mechanical caterpillars. Each press has a cyan cylinder, a magenta cylinder, a yellow cylinder and a black cylinder – so the humps are brightly colored. The presses are well lit by banks of fluorescent lights hanging from the ceiling over each press. When you walk into the press room you hear the sound of rock music blaring from a boom box radio mixed with the general din of the presses. It is only when you walk up to a press like Idid for the recordings that you really start to hear the individual strains of clicking, clacking and mechanical, syncopated chattering. When I made my recordings I was intrigued by the subtle variations in the sounds produced by these machines that aren't apparent when you first walk through the door. The pressmen were kind enough to allow me to walk right up to the presses and poke my microphone quite close to the rotating press cylinders. Iuse a Danish Pro Audio microphone about the size of a pencil eraser. An extremely sensitive mic with the capacity for capturing loud sounds such as the presses up close. Rotating the mic to one side or the other focused on the unique sounds coming from one cylinder or the other." [Kevin/KMerrell]18
Convergent evolution of giant size in eurypterids
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SONGS Mitigation Monitoring: Experimental Reef Survey – Giant Kelp Size and Abundance
These data describe annual estimates of the size, fecundity, and abundance of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, at an artificial reef (Wheeler North Reef in Orange County, CA) and two natural reference reefs (San Mateo Kelp in Orange County, CA and Barn Kelp in San Diego County, CA). Data were collected from 2000 to 2004 as part of the experimental phase of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) kelp reef mitigation program. In the spring and fall of each year, divers collected data on the number of fronds > 1 m tall, the amount of reproductive tissue, and the size of the holdfast for each giant kelp plant encountered along permanent transects at each reef and recorded the type of substrate to which each plant was attached.
Data from: Sizing ocean giants: patterns of intraspecific size variation in marine megafauna
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A giant’s appetite: How body size drives the diet and trophic position of the Japanese giant salamander
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Data from: Body-size trends of the extinct giant shark Carcharocles megalodon: a deep-time perspective on marine apex predators
The extinct shark Carcharocles megalodon is one of the largest marine apex predators ever to exist. Nonetheless, little is known about its body-size variations through time and space. Here, we studied the body-size trends of C. megalodon through its temporal and geographic range to better understand its ecology and evolution. Given that this species was the last of the megatooth lineage, a group of species that shows a purported size increase through time, we hypothesized that C. megalodon also displayed this trend, increasing in size over time and reaching its largest size prior to extinction. We found that C. megalodon body-size distribution was left-skewed (suggesting a long-term selective pressure favoring larger individuals), and presented significant geographic variation (possibly as a result of the heterogeneous ecological constraints of this cosmopolitan species) over geologic time. Finally, we found that stasis was the general mode of size evolution of C. megalodon (i.e., no net changes over time), contrasting with the trends of the megatooth lineage and our hypothesis. Given that C. megalodon is a relatively long-lived species with a widely distributed fossil record, we further used this study system to provide a deep-time perspective to the understanding of the body-size trends of marine apex predators. For instance, our results suggest that (1) a selective pressure in predatory sharks for consuming a broader range of prey may favor larger individuals and produce left-skewed distributions on a geologic time scale; (2) body-size variations in cosmopolitan apex marine predators may depend on their interactions with geographically discrete communities; and (3) the inherent characteristics of shark species can produce stable sizes over geologic time, regardless of the size trends of their lineages.
Data from: Historical population size change and differentiation of relict populations of the endangered giant kangaroo rat
From a conservation management perspective it is important to understand how genetic diversity is partitioned across a species' range, including (1) identification of evolutionarily distinct units versus those recently isolated through anthropogenic activities and (2) the relative genetic contributions among components of fragmented (meta)populations. To address these questions, we investigated the phylogeography and metapopulation structure among relict populations of the endangered giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) in the highly altered San Joaquin Desert Ecosystem. This keystone species underwent a ~97% range reduction over the past century, resulting in a current range that is highly fragmented, with two dominant northern and southern populations occurring 150 km apart. We sequenced >800 bp of mitochondrial DNA and genotyped 17 nuclear microsatellites in >275 D. ingens to assess the evolutionary relationship of these populations as well as the genetic structure within the northern metapopulation. A Bayesian Skyline Plot indicated that the species experienced a demographic expansion toward the end of the Pleistocene, with a recent population decline. Northern and southern D. ingens split 1,857–13,443 years ago, prior to the massive conversion of the San Joaquin Valley to irrigated agriculture. We recommend that the northern and southern populations of D. ingens be re-classified as distinct population segments under the United States Endangered Species Act. We also observed population structure and asymmetrical migration within northern D. ingens where the Tumey Hills acted as a source contributing gene flow to all peripheral populations. This emphasized the importance of this location in the conservation of the metapopulation as a whole.
Fig. 7 in Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans
Fig. 7. Energy-flux model and food web stability. We tested whether the food web as preserved is functional and stable over ecological time. All shelled invertebrates (specifically ammonoids), fish, and amniote taxa discovered in the Fossil Hill Fauna are modeled as members of a food web. The member "shelled invertebrates" is basal to the food web and comprises primarily ammonoids but also halobiid bivalves and crustaceans. The member "nonshelled invertebrates plus fishes" ("fish") pools coleoid cephalopods such as squid and small- to medium-sized fish. See Methods and table S11 for food web members and their body masses, total biomasses, and energetic demands. (A) Trophic interaction matrix used for modeling energy-flux across members. Stacked bars represent the diet of predatory taxa. Filled squares within bars indicate that a taxon is taken by the predator, whereas white indicates that it is not. (B) Stability values calculated by the model for different combinations of total biomass of the two food web members "shelled invertebrates" and "fish." More negative stability values indicate a more stable food web. Error bars for blue dots represent model results assuming maximum and minimum body mass estimates for ichthyosaur taxa (table S11). Greater body masses result in less-stable food webs than smaller body masses. Stability values of extant food webs range between −10 and 0 (41). Note that we multiplied stability values by −1 for plotting. TB, total biomass (kg); red circles, the total biomass of "shelled invertebrates" equals that of "fish."
Fig. 6 in Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans
Fig. 6. The adaptive landscape of body-size evolution. (A and B) Ichthyosaurs (A) feature two early adaptive shifts toward larger skull length, whereas cetaceans (B) entered selective regimes that promoted larger skull width much later in their evolution.
Fig. 5 in Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans
Fig. 5. Exploration of the rate heterogeneity of body-size evolution. (A and B) Ichthyosaurs (A) feature the fastest rates of body evolution early in their history, whereas cetaceans (B) show a more complex pattern, with fastest rates occurring in later stages of their history. C, Cymbospondylidae; M, Merriamosauria.
Fig. 4 in Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans
Fig. 4. Body-size evolution in ichthyosaurs and cetaceans compared. Traitgram of body size, normalized such that 0 corresponds to the smallest body size in each group and 1 to the largest for ichthyosaurs (lilac; based on an early-burst model) and cetaceans (ochre; based on a Brownian motion model) (see Methods). Lilac dots indicate Cymbospondylus species from the Fossil Hill Fauna. B., Balaenoptera musculus, blue whale; C., C. youngorum sp. nov.; L., Llanocetus denticrenatus, early giant baleen whale; S., S. sikanniensis, the largest named ichthyosaur. The inset shows model-fitting results expressed as Akaike weights for five different evolutionary models from 1000 iterations. Boxes represent the interquartile ranges (IQRs), with whiskers extending 1.5 times the IQR outside the boxes. Vertical lines inside the boxes show the median. BM, Brownian motion; EB, early burst; OU, Ornstein-Uhlenbeck.
Fig. 3 in Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans
Fig. 3. Time-calibrated phylogenies and body-size illustrations of Ichthyosauria and Cetacea and the relationships of the new giant ichthyosaur C. youngorum sp. nov. Ichthyosaurs originated in the late Early Triassic shortly after the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME), survived the end-Triassic mass extinction (ETME), and went extinct in the early Late Cretaceous. Lilac stratigraphic ranges denote taxa from the Fossil Hill Fauna. Cetaceans originated in the late Paleocene after the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (CPME). See (10) for sources of phylogenies and table S6 for image credits. mya, million years ago.
Fig. 2 in Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans
Fig. 2. Skull of the holotype of C. youngorum sp. nov. LACM DI 157871. (A) Skull in right dorso-lateral view. (B) Skull sutures. (C) Skull in left ventrolateral view. (D) Skull sutures. (E) Snout in left ventrolateral view. (F) Middle part of dentary tooth row in right dorsolateral view. Note the bone of attachment. (G to K) Right humerus in proximal (G), dorsal (H), posterior (I), ventral (J), and anterior view (K). a, angular; ar, articular; at, anterior terrace; d, dentary; en, external nares; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; lte, lower temporal embayment; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; o, orbita; pa, parietal; pf, parietal foramen; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pra, prearticular; prf, prefrontal; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sc, scleral ring; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; uto, upper temporal opening; v, cervical vertebra.
Fig. 1 in Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans
Fig. 1. Conceptual approach of our integrated study. We combine traditional paleontology with computational trait evolution and energy-flux modeling to study macroevolutionary patterns of body size evolution in marine amniotes.
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