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FIGURE 4. Fungus-harvestman interaction. A in First record of the interaction between the arthropod-pathogenic fungus Gibellula and a new species of harvestman Auranus (Stygnidae) narrowly endemic to the Brazilian rain forest

FIGURE 4. Fungus-harvestman interaction. A) Habitus of male Auranus quilombola sp. nov. without fungus infection. B) A. quilombola sp. nov. male, parasitized by arthropod-pathogenic fungus Gibellula sp. C) Details of the fungus Gibellula sp. parasitizing the harvestman A. quilombola sp. nov. (blue arrow shows the mycelium; red arrow shows the perithecium).

FIGURE 3 in First record of the interaction between the arthropod-pathogenic fungus Gibellula and a new species of harvestman Auranus (Stygnidae) narrowly endemic to the Brazilian rain forest

FIGURE 3. Distribution map of Auranus quilombola sp. nov. and other Auranus species. A) Records of A. quilombola sp. nov. in Brejos de Altitude of Ceará state. Black dots are the known records, red arrow is the location of observation of fungusharvestmen interaction, full line is the Brejos Cearenses area of endemism delimitation. B) Distribution of Auranus species in the Amazon forest according Colmenares et al. (2016) and the new species in Atlantic forest. In detail, South America with the two great blocks of rain forest, Amazonian and Atlantic forest, showing the geographic locations of A and B.

FIGURE 2 in First record of the interaction between the arthropod-pathogenic fungus Gibellula and a new species of harvestman Auranus (Stygnidae) narrowly endemic to the Brazilian rain forest

FIGURE 2. Penis of Auranus quilombola sp. nov. (Holotype, UFPB OP-901), dorsal view on the left, lateral view at the center, and ventral view on the right. Details of macrosetae are shown with colors. Scale = 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 2. Gibellula flava GNJ20200814-46 in Gibellula flava sp. nov. (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales), a new pathogen of spider from China

FIGURE 2. Gibellula flava GNJ20200814-46 (asexual morph): a–c. Fungus on spider. k, l. Conidiophores and conidial head. j. Conidial head. m. Conidia. WFS20190625-25 (sexual morph): d. Stroma with ascomata. e. Perithecium ostioles (arrow). f. Perithecium. g. Ascus with thickened apical cap (arrow). h. Ascus and ascospores. i. Part-ascospores. Scale bars: f = 50 μm, j, k, l = 10 μm, g, h, i, m = 5 μm.

FIGURE 1 in Gibellula flava sp. nov. (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales), a new pathogen of spider from China

FIGURE 1. The maximum likelihood (ML) tree derived from multigene sequences of Gibellula spp. and allied taxa retrieved from GenBank with Hypocrea lutea (ATCC 208838) and H. voglmayrii (CBS117710) as outgroup. Numbers at the significant nodes represent ML bootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probabilities greater than 80%. Bold lines in the tree represent 100% of two values.

FIGURE 4 in Gibellula aurea sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Cordycipitaceae): a new golden spiderdevouring fungus from a Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest

FIGURE 4. Genetic distance within the genus Gibellula. Heatmaps were generated with sequences from each genomic region obtained from GenBank and the specimens from this study. Genetic distances between sequences are displayed from the lowest (red) to the highest (blue) distance. (a) Genetic distance within the small nuclear ribosomal subunit (SSU); (b) within the large nuclear ribosomal subunit (LSU); (c) translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF); and (d) RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2). Closer sequences are connected by the dendrogram on top and left in each heatmap.

FIGURE 3 in Gibellula aurea sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Cordycipitaceae): a new golden spiderdevouring fungus from a Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest

FIGURE 3. Placement of Gibellula aurea within the genus. Phylogenetic trees were based on concatenated sequences of SSU, LSU, TEF, and RPB2 markers. This tree topology resulted from a Maximum Likelihood, although Bayesian Inference displayed the same topology for most of the clades (Fig. S1). Numbers on branches indicate bootstrap values (ML>50%) followed by posterior probabilities (BI>0.70). Nucleotide substitutions per site are indicated by the scale bar. The phylogenetic tree includes 33 SSU, 63 LSU, 77 TEF, and 37 RPB2 sequences. Sequences from GenBank are exhibited by the name followed by their voucher numbers. For G. aurea specimens sequenced in this study, we show the name in bold (code: LBMCF). Formerly described species that split into single clades were also highlighted. The species Hevansia novoguineensis (NHJ 11923) was used as an outgroup.

FIGURE 2 in Gibellula aurea sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Cordycipitaceae): a new golden spiderdevouring fungus from a Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest

FIGURE 2. Diversity of host spiders parasitized by Gibellula aurea. (a) and (b) Corinnidae; but differ by abdomen shape, body size, and shape of the front legs; (c) Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae); (d) Anyphaenidae. Scale bars: a, b, c, d = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Gibellula aurea sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Cordycipitaceae): a new golden spiderdevouring fungus from a Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest

FIGURE 1. Morphological description of Gibellula aurea. (a) Spider Macrophyes pacoti (Anyphaenidae) parasitized by G. aurea exhibiting one synnema (arrow) growing from the host's abdomen. (b–g) G. aurea visualized in the light microscope and (h–l) in the fluorescent microscope with UV light. (b, h) Inflated and fertile tip of synnema; (c) Conidiophore, stipe with verrucose wall, conidial head spherical; (d) Conidial head globose, vesicle ellipsoidal, metulae ellipsoidal, and phialides cylindrical; (e, j) Conidia ellipsoidal, with apiculate ends; (f, i) Granulomanus-like conidiophores; (g) Conidiogenous cells; (k) Spider leg (brown) covered by hyphae (blue) at the beginning of the infection; (l) Setae of spider leg involved by fungal hyphae. Scale bars: b, k, h = 100 µm, l = 50 µm, c, d, e, f, g, i, j = 10 µm.

FIGURE 5 in Gibellula aurea sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Cordycipitaceae): a new golden spiderdevouring fungus from a Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest

FIGURE 5. Intra- and interspecific genetic distances among sequences. (a) Proportion of intra- and interspecific of each genomic region (SSU, LSU, TEF and RPP2); (b) interspecific genetic distances among the sequences identified at the species level within the closest clade to Gibellula aurea.

Figure 4 from: Kuephadungphan W, Tasanathai K, Petcharad B, Khonsanit A, Stadler M, Luangsa-ard JJ (2020) Phylogeny- and morphology-based recognition of new species in the spider-parasitic genus Gibellula (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) from Thailand. MycoKeys 72: 17-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.72.55088

Figure 4 Gibellula pigmentosinuma fungus on spider (BBH 28509); b perithecia; c an ascus with an apical apparatus; d ascospore; e part-spores; f conidiophores; g conidial heads; h conidia; i granulomanus-like asexual morph; j colonies obverse and reverse on PDA at 25 °C after 28 days. Scale bars: 1 mm (b); 500 μm (d); 100 μm (f); 50 μm (g); 20 μm (c, i); 10 μm (e, h).

Figure 5 from: Kuephadungphan W, Tasanathai K, Petcharad B, Khonsanit A, Stadler M, Luangsa-ard JJ (2020) Phylogeny- and morphology-based recognition of new species in the spider-parasitic genus Gibellula (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) from Thailand. MycoKeys 72: 17-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.72.55088

Figure 5 Gibellula scorpioidesa fungus on a spider (BBH 29669) b fungus on a spider (BBH 31439) c perithecia (BBH 31439) d conidiophores arising on synnema (BBH 29669) e penicillate conidiophore (BBH 29669) f conidia (BBH 29669) g asci (BBH 31439) h ascus with apical apparatus (BBH 31439) i ascospores (BBH 31439) j penicillate conidiophore produced on PDAk conidia on PDAl colonies obverse and reverse on PDA at 25 °C after 4 months. Scale bars: 500 μm (c); 50 μm (d, g); 20 μm (e, h–j); 10 μm (f, k).

Figure 2 from: Kuephadungphan W, Tasanathai K, Petcharad B, Khonsanit A, Stadler M, Luangsa-ard JJ (2020) Phylogeny- and morphology-based recognition of new species in the spider-parasitic genus Gibellula (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) from Thailand. MycoKeys 72: 17-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.72.55088

Figure 2 Gibellula cebrenninia fungus on spider (BBH 35749) b perithecia c a part of synnema showing conidiophores d perithecium e asci with apical apparatus f ascospores g conidiophore h conidial head i conidia j granulomanus-like asexual morph k colonies obverse and reverse on PDA at 25 °C after 28 days. Scale bars: 1 mm (d); 50 μm (e–f, g); 20 μm (h, j); 10 μm (i).

Figure 3 from: Kuephadungphan W, Tasanathai K, Petcharad B, Khonsanit A, Stadler M, Luangsa-ard JJ (2020) Phylogeny- and morphology-based recognition of new species in the spider-parasitic genus Gibellula (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) from Thailand. MycoKeys 72: 17-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.72.55088

Figure 3 Gibellula fusiformisporaa fungus on a spider (BBH 38838) b fungus on a spider (BBH 32918) c synnemata (BBH 32918) d, e perithecia (BBH 38838) f ascus (BBH 38838) g ascospores (BBH 38838) h conidia (BBH 32918) i conidiophores showing conidial heads (BBH 32918) j conidial head bearing conidia (BCC 32918) k colonies obverse and reverse on PDA at 25 °C after 20 days. Scale bars: 250 μm (e); 100 μm (i); 50 μm (g); 20 μm (f, h, j).

Figure 1 from: Kuephadungphan W, Tasanathai K, Petcharad B, Khonsanit A, Stadler M, Luangsa-ard JJ (2020) Phylogeny- and morphology-based recognition of new species in the spider-parasitic genus Gibellula (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) from Thailand. MycoKeys 72: 17-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.72.55088

Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree inferred from a RAxML search of a concatenated alignment of ITS, LSU, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2 showing the relationship among Gibellula and related genera. Bootstrap proportions/ Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 50% are provided above corresponding nodes; nodes with 100% support are shown as thick lines. The ex-type strains are marked with a superscript T (T) and the isolates reported in this study are bold.

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FIGURE 1 in First record of the interaction between the arthropod-pathogenic fungus Gibellula and a new species of harvestman Auranus (Stygnidae) narrowly endemic to the Brazilian rain forest

FIGURE 1. Schematic drawing of Auranus quilombola sp. nov. (Holotype, UFPB OP-901), showing main external characters. A) Dorsal habitus, B) Lateral view of the body, C) Dorsal view of left leg (trochanter, femur, patella, and tibia), D) Ventral view of left leg (trochanter, femur, patella, and tibia), E) Right pedipalp (tibia and tarsus). Scale = 1 mm.