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5 results for “Ginglymostoma cirratum”
Fig. 3 in Evasive mating behaviour by female nurse sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788), in an equatorial insular breeding ground
Fig. 3. Nurse shark mating activity witnessed at Enseada dos Tubarões, Fernando de Noronha. The panels depict (I) an aggregation of at least 14 nurse sharks in shallow water adjacent to the shore; (II) a pregnant female shark; (III) a group of 8 female sharks clustering together in shallow waters; (IV) a female shark exhibiting (a) a freshly-inflicted, crescent-shaped bite mark on the left pectoral fin; (V) a female shark exhibiting (b) a freshly-inflicted, crescent-shaped bite mark on the right pectoral fin; (VI) a female shark exhibiting (c) a freshly-inflicted bite mark on the tip of the caudal fin.
Fig. 2 in Evasive mating behaviour by female nurse sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788), in an equatorial insular breeding ground
Fig. 2. Nurse shark mating activity witnessed at Baía do Sueste, Fernando de Noronha. The panels depict (I) a coupling male shark (a) grasping the female pectoral fin with his mouth while coiling his body around the female, as evidenced by the alignment of male (b) first dorsal and (c) caudal fins; (II) a female shark ventral side up exhibiting emerged pelvic fins; (III) a female shark ventral side up rising her (d) right pectoral fin and (e) pelvic fins out of the water; (IV) a stranded female shark; (V) a female shark exhibiting f) a cloaca suggestive of earlier copulatory activity while being harassed by (g) a male shark; (VI) a female shark exhibiting (h-i) two small, crescent-shaped bite marks on the caudal fin.
Fig. 1 in Evasive mating behaviour by female nurse sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788), in an equatorial insular breeding ground
Fig. 1. Map of the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (FEN), Brazil, depicting the locations of (a) Baía do Sueste and (b) Enseada dos Tubarões, where nurse shark mating activity was witnessed. The "X" in the inset represents the location of FEN in relation to South America. Map plotted with ggmap package (Kahle & Wickham, 2013) in R statistical software.
Description of the microbiota in epidermal mucus and skin of sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum and Negaprion brevirostris) and one stingray (Hypanus americanus)
<p>Skin mucus in fish is the first barrier between the organism and the environment but the role of skin mucus in protecting fish against pathogens is not well understood. During copulation in sharks, the male bites the female generating wounds, which are then highly likely to become infected by opportunistic bacteria from the water or from the male shark's mouth. Describing the microbial component of epithelial mucus may allow future understanding of this first line of defense in sharks. In this study, we analyzed mucus and skin samples obtained from 19 individuals of two shark species and a stingray: the nurse shark (<i>Ginglymostoma cirratum</i>), the lemon shark (<i>Negaprion brevirostris</i>) and the southern stingray (<i>Hypanus americanus</i>). Total DNA was extracted from all samples, and the bacterial 16S rRNA gene (region V3-V4) was amplified and sequenced on the Ion Torrent Platform. Bacterial diversity (order) was higher in skin and mucus than in water. Order composition was more similar between the two shark species. Alpha-diversities (Shannon and Simpson) for OTUs (clusters of sequences defined by a 97% identity threshold for the16S rRNA gene) were high and there were non-significant differences between elasmobranch species or types of samples. We found orders of potentially pathogenic bacteria in water samples collected from the area where the animals were found, such as Pasteurellales (i.e. genus <i>Pasteurella</i> spp. and <i>Haemophilus</i> spp.) and Oceanospirillales (i.e. genus <i>Halomonas</i> spp.) but these were not found in the skin or mucus samples from any species. Some bacterial orders, such as Flavobacteriales, Vibrionales (i.e. genus <i>Pseudoalteromonas</i>), Lactobacillales and Bacillales were found only in mucus and skin samples. However, in a co-occurrence analyses, no significant relationship was found among these orders (strength less than 0.6, p-value > 0.01) but significant relationships were found among the order Trembayales, Fusobacteriales, and some previously described marine environmental Bacteria and Archaea, including Elusimicrobiales, Thermoproteales, Deinococcales and Desulfarculales. This is the first study focusing on elasmobranch microbial communities. The functional role and the benefits of these bacteria still needs understanding as well as the potential changes to microbial communities as a result of changing environmental conditions.</p>
Description of the microbiota in epidermal mucus and skin of sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum and Negaprion brevirostris) and one stingray (Hypanus americanus)
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