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FIG. 3 in Hypsodont Myomiminae (Gliridae, Rodentia) from five new localities in the Lower Miocene Tudela Formation (Bardenas Reales, Ebro Basin, Spain) and their bearing on the age of the Agenian-Ramblian boundary

FIG. 3. — Distribution chart of the Myomiminae species studied in this paper and in Daams (1990). The succession of the localities from Daams (1990) is, though in stratigraphical order, not calibrated.

FIG. 6 in Hypsodont Myomiminae (Gliridae, Rodentia) from five new localities in the Lower Miocene Tudela Formation (Bardenas Reales, Ebro Basin, Spain) and their bearing on the age of the Agenian-Ramblian boundary

FIG. 6. — Ranges of variation and number of specimens for length and width of the upper (pre) molars of Armantomys de Bruijn, 1966 populations of Agenian and Ramblian localities from Spain. BARD (Bardenas) is a combination of the localities published by Murelaga et al. (2004a, b). *, localities described in this paper.

FIG. 1 in Hypsodont Myomiminae (Gliridae, Rodentia) from five new localities in the Lower Miocene Tudela Formation (Bardenas Reales, Ebro Basin, Spain) and their bearing on the age of the Agenian-Ramblian boundary

FIG. 1. — Geological map of the Lower-Middle Miocene continental sediments from the Tudela Formation at the Bardenas Reales de Navarra area, with location of the sections and fossil localities presented in this study. Abbreviations: CA, Cuesta Agujeros section; CC, Cabezo Carboneras section; CM, Cabezo Marijuán section. The location of other fossil localities studied previously by Murelaga (2000) and Murelaga et al. (2004a, b) is also shown.

FIG. 5 in Hypsodont Myomiminae (Gliridae, Rodentia) from five new localities in the Lower Miocene Tudela Formation (Bardenas Reales, Ebro Basin, Spain) and their bearing on the age of the Agenian-Ramblian boundary

FIG. 5. — Ranges of variation and number of specimens for length and width of the lower (pre)molars of Armantomys de Bruijn, 1966 populations of Agenian and Ramblian localities from Spain. BARD (Bardenas) is a combination of the localities published by Murelaga et al. (2004a, b). *, localities described in this paper.

FIG. 2 in Hypsodont Myomiminae (Gliridae, Rodentia) from five new localities in the Lower Miocene Tudela Formation (Bardenas Reales, Ebro Basin, Spain) and their bearing on the age of the Agenian-Ramblian boundary

FIG. 2. — Stratigraphy of the Tudela Formation in the studied sections, with location of the new fossil localities presented here (in bold) and other localities studied previously (Murelaga 2000; Murelaga et al. 2004a, b). The available sequence of polarity intervals identified in the upper part of the Cuesta Agujeros section and the Cabezo Marijuán section and its correlation to the ATNTS of Lourens et al. (2004) is also shown (see Larrasoaña et al. 2006).

FIG. 7 in Hypsodont Myomiminae (Gliridae, Rodentia) from five new localities in the Lower Miocene Tudela Formation (Bardenas Reales, Ebro Basin, Spain) and their bearing on the age of the Agenian-Ramblian boundary

FIG. 7. — Calibration of the Agenian/Ramblian boundary proposed in this study on the basis of the new material from the Tudela For- mation and on the recalibrated radiometric age of the Tardienta fossil locality (Van Dam et al. 2006), placed in the ATNTS of Lourens et al. (2004). The vertical bar indicates the error associated to the 39Ar/40Ar age of the Tardienta fossil locality.

FIG. 4. — A-E in Hypsodont Myomiminae (Gliridae, Rodentia) from five new localities in the Lower Miocene Tudela Formation (Bardenas Reales, Ebro Basin, Spain) and their bearing on the age of the Agenian-Ramblian boundary

FIG. 4. — A-E, Armantomys cf. bijmai from Cabezo Hermoso 1 (CH1): A, left M2, CH1-6; B, right M3, CH1-8; C, right P4, CH1-4; D, right D4, CH1-5; E, right m1, CH1-3; F-M, Armantomys daamsi from Cuesta Agujeros 2 (CA2): F, left M1, CA2/1-6; G, right M2, CA2/1-5; H, right M2, CA2/2-6; I, right M3, CA2/1-15; J, right P4, CA2/1-12; K, left m1, CA2/1-8; L, left m1, CA2/1-10; M, right m3, CA2/2-5; N, Armantomys cf. jasperi from Cuesta Agujeros 4 (CA4), fragmentary right m2, CA4/1-27; O, P, Armantomys cf. parsani from Cuesta Agujeros 3 (CA3): O, left M2, CA3-1; P, left P4, CA3-2; Q, R, Armantomys cf. daamsi from Cabezo Carboneras 1 (CC1): Q, right M1, CC1-31; R, left M2, CC1-38; S, cf. Praearmantomys crusafonti from Cabezo Carboneras 1 (CC1), right m3, CC1-22. Scale bar:1 mm.

Figure 6 in Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)

Figure 6. Zygomasseteric construction in extinct and extant Gliridae with the origin and insertion of the lateral (thin arrows) and medial (thick arrows) portions of the masseteric muscle. A, QP 625, Gliravus majori (Quercy, France, Oligocene), protrogomorphy; B, ITD 140 Bransatoglis micio [Itardies, Quercy, Oligocene (MP23)], derived protrogomorphy (or primitive myomorphy); C, Glis glis, myomorphy; D, Graphiurus hueti, hystricomorphy. The dotted lines are reconstructions. Abbreviations: iof, infraorbital foramen; zp, zygomatic plate. Scale bar, 5 mm.

Figure 4 in Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)

Figure 4. Plot of the discriminant analysis of the Fourier coefficients versus morphological type. Solid symbols indicate families with hystricomorphous skull: squares, Anomaluridae; rhombi, Ctenodactylidae; circles, Pedetidae; triangles, Dipodidae; stars, Graphiurinae. Open symbols indicate myomorph families: stars, Gliridae (Glirinae/Leithiinae); rhombi, Nesomyidae; circles, Muridae; triangles, Cricetidae.

Figure 2 in Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)

Figure 2. Phylogenetic hypotheses for Graphiurus (A) based on cranial and dental characters of fossils and living species (Vianey-Liaud & Jaeger, 1996), (B) based on cranial and dental characters of living species (Wahlert et al., 1993), (C) based on dental morphological characters of fossils and extant species (Daams & De Brujn, 1995), (D) based on incisor enamel microstructure (Koenigswald, 1995), (E) based on partial mitochondrial gene sequences (Bentz & Montgelard, 1999), and (F) based on partial mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences (Montgelard et al., 2003).

Figure 1 in Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)

Figure 1. The four basic types of rodent skulls. A, protrogomorphy; B, sciuromorphy; C, hystricomorphy; D, myomorphy. Thin and thick arrows show the origin and the insertion of the lateral and medial portions of the masseter respectively.

Figure 5 in Gliridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) with a simple dental pattern: a new genus and new species from the European Early and Middle Miocene

Figure 5. Simplomys robustus (De Bruijn, 1967) from San Roque 4A (collection MNCN). A, P4 SR4A-895. B, M1 SR4A-754. C, M2 SR4A-778. D, M3 SR4A-787. E, p4 SR4A-921. F, m1 SR4A-801. G, m2 SR4A-804. H, m3 SR4A-918. Right side specimens underlined.

Figure 9 in Gliridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) with a simple dental pattern: a new genus and new species from the European Early and Middle Miocene

Figure 9. Pseudodryomys ibericus De Bruijn, 1966 from La Col C (collection MNCN). A, P4 COL C-2178. B, M1 COL C-1986. C, M2 COL C-2021. D, M3 COL C-2040. E, P4 COL C-2205. F, M1 COL C-2096. G, M2 COL C-2064. H, M3 COL C-2123. I, p4 COL C-2181. J, m1 COL C-1989. K, m2 COL C-2024. L, m3 COL C-2042. M, p4 COL C-2206. N, m1 COL C-2068. O, m2 COL C-2108. P, m3 COL C-2138. Right side specimens underlined.

Figure 8 in Gliridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) with a simple dental pattern: a new genus and new species from the European Early and Middle Miocene

Figure 8. Simplomys meulenorum sp. nov. from Artesilla (collection MNCN). A, P4 ART-1142. B, M1 ART-874. C, M2 ART-882. D, M3 ART-1164. E, P4 ART-1227. F, M1 ART-873. G, M2 ART-886. H, M3 ART-1163. I, p4 ART-2498. J, m1 ART-901. K, m2 ART-910. L, m3 ART-1156. M, p4 ART-2499. N, m1 ART-894 holotype. O, m2 ART-918. P, m3 ART-1158. Right side specimens underlined. Holotype in italics.

Figure 2. A in Gliridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) with a simple dental pattern: a new genus and new species from the European Early and Middle Miocene

Figure 2. A, scatter diagram of the ratio of length: width of the P4 and the surface of P4/M1 in several Gliridae assemblages. B, scatter diagram of the ratio of length: width of the M3 and the surface of M3/M2 in several Gliridae assemblages (see Appendix for details). The circles denote the ranges of the Simplomys gen. nov. assemblages (continuous line) and the Pseudodryomys assemblages (discontinuous line).

Figure 1 in Gliridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) with a simple dental pattern: a new genus and new species from the European Early and Middle Miocene

Figure 1. Nomenclature of parts of the occlusal surface of the cheek teeth of Gliridae modified after De Bruijn (1966) and Daams (1981). Drawings represent molars from the left side and names in italics indicate main cusps.

Figure 6 in Gliridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) with a simple dental pattern: a new genus and new species from the European Early and Middle Miocene

Figure 6. Simplomys aljaphi (Hugueney et al., 1978) from Montaigu-le-Blin (modified after Hugueney et al., 1978). A, P4-M3 AC. MB 191 holotype. B, p4-m3 P.O. C, P4 AC. MB 103. D, M1 F.S.L. 97 461. E, m3 AC. MB 706. F, m3 F.S.L. 97 464. Right side specimens underlined. Holotype in italics.

Figure 10 in Gliridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) with a simple dental pattern: a new genus and new species from the European Early and Middle Miocene

Figure 10. Temporal distribution of average surface of the upper and lower cheek teeth in species of Simplomys gen. nov. from the Aragonian type area (Calatayud–Montalbán basin, Spain). Only localities with at least five measurable specimens of each element are included. Horizontal bars represent two times the standard deviation. Modified after García-Paredes, 2006.