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23 results for “Global biodiversity hotspot”
Data and R-scripts for "Land-use trajectories for sustainable land system transformations: identifying leverage points in a global biodiversity hotspot" (V2)
<p>Sustainable land system transformations are necessary to avert biodiversity and climate collapse. However, it remains unclear where entry points for transformations exist in complex land systems. Here, we conceptualize land systems along land-use trajectories, which allows us to identify and evaluate leverage points; i.e., entry points on the trajectory where targeted interventions have particular leverage to influence land-use decisions. We apply this framework in the biodiversity hotspot Madagascar. In the Northeast, smallholder agriculture results in a land-use trajectory originating in old-growth forests, spanning forest fragments, and reaching shifting hill rice cultivation and vanilla agroforests. Integrating interdisciplinary empirical data on seven taxa, five ecosystem services, and three measures of agricultural productivity, we assess trade-offs and co-benefits of land-use decisions at three leverage points along the trajectory. These trade-offs and co-benefits differ between leverage points: two leverage points are situated at the conversion of old-growth forests and forest fragments to shifting cultivation and agroforestry, resulting in considerable trade-offs, especially between endemic biodiversity and agricultural productivity. Here, interventions enabling smallholders to conserve forests are necessary. This is urgent since ongoing forest loss threatens to eliminate these leverage points due to path-dependency. The third leverage point allows for the restoration of land under shifting cultivation through vanilla agroforests and offers co-benefits between restoration goals and agricultural productivity. The co-occurring leverage points highlight that conservation and restoration are simultaneously necessary. Methodologically, the framework shows how leverage points can be identified, evaluated, and harnessed for land system transformations under the consideration of path-dependency along trajectories.</p>
Hotspots of (sub)alpine plants in the Irano-Anatolian Global Biodiversity Hotspot are insufficiently protected
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: The mountainous regions in SW Asia harbours a high number of endemic species, many of which are restricted to the high-elevation zone. The (sub)alpine habitats of the region are under particular threat due to global change, but their biodiversity hotspots and conservation status have not been investigated so far.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Subalpine-alpine habitats of SW Asia</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Distribution data of all (sub)alpine vascular plant species of the region was compiled, resulting in 19,680 localities from 1672 (sub)alpine species, the majority of them being restricted to the region (76%). Six quantitative indices of species diversity were used on the basis of 0.5°×0.5° grid cells to identify (sub)alpine hotspots. Hotspots whose surface area in the (sub)alpine zone was covered by nature reserves maximally by 10% were defined as conservation gaps.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: A high proportion (80%) of the endemic species of the study area is range-restricted and narrowly distributed. The results of all six indices were highly correlated. Using the top 5%, 10% and 20% richest cells supported by any index, 32, 53 and 98 cells, respectively, were identified as Hotspots. Almost 60% of these Hotspots at all three levels were identified as unprotected (i.e., constituted Conservation Gaps). Generally, only 22%, 18% and 16%, respectively, of the alpine surface area of the identified Hotspots were covered by nature reserves for the top 5%, 10% and 20% richest cells, respectively. </p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Although the rate of protection in (sub)alpine Hotspots exceeds that of the entire region it is still insufficient, because these Hotspots are much richer in endemic and in range-restricted species, but at the same time are under high pressure of global change. Therefore, the establishment of new nature reserves with high conservation efficiency in (sub)alpine habitats with a particular focus on the identified Hotspots is strongly recommended.</p>
Hotspots of (sub)alpine plants in the Irano-Anatolian Global Biodiversity Hotspot are insufficiently protected
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Data from: Explaining the ocean’s richest biodiversity hotspot and global patterns of fish diversity
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Data from: Ecological specialisation of reef fishes peaks in global biodiversity hotspots
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Data from: Dissecting biodiversity in a global hotspot: uneven dynamics of immigration and diversification within the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa
Aim: Fragmented distributions should show immigration and diversification dynamics consistent with the predictions of island biogeography theory. We test whether this applies to the fragmented Cape fynbos vegetation. Location: Southern Africa, Cape Floristic Region (CFR) Taxon: Angiosperms, Restionaceae (restios) Methods: We used a large occurrence dataset and environmental layers to characterize an existing regionalization and the intervals between the regions ecologically and spatially. We extended the available phylogeny for restios and inferred their historical biogeography using models implemented in BioGeoBEARS. We then measured the relative contribution of immigration and in situ speciation to the species richness of each region within the CFR. We used standard statistical methods to test the predictions of the island biogeography theory. Results: The area and environmental heterogeneity of the seven regions of the CFR are positively correlated with in situ speciation rate. Furthermore, more isolated areas, and areas colonized more recently, have proportionally higher immigration rates, and more central and older areas proportionally higher in situ speciation rates. Main Conclusions: The variation in immigration and diversification dynamics among the regions within the CFR is extensive and consistent with the archipelago model of island biography theory. This dynamic may contribute significantly to the diversity of the Cape flora. Such a model could be generally useful for understanding the generation and maintenance of diversity in biodiversity hotspots, and may even scale up to explain continental biodiversity.
Data from: Trait convergence in photosynthetic nutrient-use efficiency along a 2-million year dune chronosequence in a global biodiversity hotspot
1. The Jurien Bay dune chronosequence in south-western Australia's biodiversity hotspot comprises sites differing in nutrient availability, with phosphorus (P) availability declining strongly with increasing soil age. We have explored the exceptionally high photosynthetic P-use efficiency (PPUE) of Proteaceae in this region, triggering the question what the PPUE of co-occurring species in other families might be along the Jurien Bay chronosequence. 2. We explored how traits associated with PPUE, photosynthetic nitrogen (N)-use efficiency (PNUE) and leaf respiration might converge along the chronosequence, and whether Proteaceae and non-Proteaceae species differ in leaf traits associated with nutrient use. 3. Seven to 10 species were sampled at three sites differing in nutrient availability (ranging from N- to P-limited). Measurements of leaf light-saturated photosynthesis and dark respiration were integrated with measurements of total N and P concentration in both mature and senesced leaves, and leaf mass per unit area (LMA). 4. Contrary to what is known for other chronosequences, rates of photosynthesis and respiration did not decrease with increasing soil age and LMA along the Jurien Bay chronosequence. However, they increased when expressed per unit leaf P. Both N and P were used much more efficiently for photosynthesis on nutrient-poor sites, in both Proteaceae and non-Proteaceae species. Proteaceae had the fastest rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf P, followed by species that preferentially allocate P to mesophyll cells, rather than epidermal cells. 5. Synthesis. Our results show that with declining soil P availability, PPUE of all investigated species from different families increased. Plants growing on the oldest, most nutrient-impoverished soils exhibited similar rates of CO2-exchange as plants growing on more nutrient-rich younger soils, and extraordinarily high PPUE. This indicates convergence in leaf traits related to photosynthetic nutrient use on severely P-impoverished sites.
Fig. 1 in A New Apterous Species of the Genus Parathlibops Basilewsky (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Scaritinae) from the Western Ghats, a Global Hotspot of Biodiversity in Southwest India
Fig. 1. Maps showing the distribution of the genus Parathlibops in India. a) Map of India showing P. devagiriensis, new species (red pin), P. bulirschi (blue triangle), P. glaber (red triangles), P. filiformis (pink triangles), P. puncticollis (purple triangle), P. wittmeri (green triangles), b) Inset showing the type locality of P. devagiriensis, new species.
Fig. 2 in A New Apterous Species of the Genus Parathlibops Basilewsky (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Scaritinae) from the Western Ghats, a Global Hotspot of Biodiversity in Southwest India
Fig. 2. Parathlibops devagiriensis, new species, male. Habitus: a) Dorsal view, b) Ventral view. Head: c) Dorsal view: ω-like carination (red arrow) and stout mandibles with arrow-like space (blue arrow), d) Ventral view: mentum pits (red arrow), bisetose submentum (blue arrow). Aedeagal median lobe: e) Lateral view, f) Dorsal view, g) Ventral view. h) Parameres.
Data from: Dissecting biodiversity in a global hotspot: uneven dynamics of immigration and diversification within the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa
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Data from: Marine biodiversity in Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands, Chile: global endemism hotspots
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Data from: Trait convergence in photosynthetic nutrient-use efficiency along a 2-million year dune chronosequence in a global biodiversity hotspot
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Figure 7 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389
Figure 7 - Nitocrella karanovici sp. n., adult female: A right leg 1 with endopod disarticulated from basis, anterior B left leg 2, anterior C left leg 3, anterior D left leg 4 (note: outer seta on basis is broken off), anterior E right leg 5, ventral. Scale bars: A, B, C, D 50 µm; E 10 µm.
Figure 2 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389
Figure 2 - Nitocrella knotti sp. n., adult female: A habitus, dorsal B urosomites 2–5 and caudal rami, ventral C anal somite and caudal rami, dorsal D rostrum, dorsal E right antennule with segments 3, 5 and 6 shown separately and aesthetasc indicated by arrowhead, ventral F left antenna with one apical element shown separately, anterior. Scale bars: A 200 µm; B 100 µm; C, E, F 25 µm; D 2 µm.
Figure 3 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389
Figure 3 - Nitocrella knotti sp. n., adult female: A labrum, posterior B left mandible, anterior C left maxillule, anterior D left maxilla, anterior E right maxilliped, posterior F left leg 1, anterior G left leg 2, anterior. Scale bars: A, B, C, D, E 20 µm; F, G 50 µm.
Figure 4 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389
Figure 4 - Nitocrella knotti sp. n., adult female: A right leg 3, anterior B right leg 4, anterior C left leg 5, ventral D terminal exopodal segment of left leg 1, anterior E terminal exopodal segment of right leg 2, anterior. Scale bars: A, B 50 µm; C, D 20 µm; E 25 µm.
Figure 1 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389
Figure 1 - A Map showing the species of Nitocrella reported from Western Australia B Enlarged map of the Ethel Gorge area showing sampled boreholes and collection sites for Nitocrella karanovici sp. n. in relation to surface drainage and mine pits.
Figure 6 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389
Figure 6 - Nitocrella karanovici sp. n., adult female: A right antennule with segments 3, 5, 6 and 7 shown separately and aesthetasc indicated by arrowhead, ventral B right antenna, anterior C labrum, posterior D left mandible, posterior E left maxillule, anterior F left maxilla, anterior G right maxilliped, posterior. Scale bars: A 50 µm; B, C 20 µm; D, E, F, G 10 µm.
Figure 9 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389
Figure 9 - Nitocrella karanovici sp. n., adult female (A, B) and adult male (C, D): A basoendopod of left leg 5, ventral B same, ventral C endopod of right leg 2, anterior D basoendopod of left leg 5, ventral. Scale bars: A, B, C 10 µm; D 5 µm.
Figure 8 from: Tang D, Eberhard SM (2016) Two new species of Nitocrella (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from groundwaters of northwestern Australia expand the geographic range of the genus in a global hotspot of subterranean biodiversity. Subterranean Biology 20: 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.20.10389
Figure 8 - Nitocrella karanovici sp. n., adult male (A, B, C, D) and adult female (E, F, G, H, I, J): A urosomites 2–6 and caudal rami, ventral B left antennule with segments 3, 4, 6 and 7 shown separately and aesthetasc indicated by arrowhead, ventral C right leg 1 basis, anterior D right leg 5, ventral E terminal exopodal segment of right leg 1, anterior F terminal exopodal segment of left leg 3, anterior G terminal endopodal segment of left leg 3, anterior H same, anterior I basis and endopod of right leg 4, anterior J endopod of left leg 4, anterior. Scale bars: A 50 µm; B, I 25 µm; C, D, G, H, J 10 µm; E, F 20 µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.