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Fig. 1 in First complete mitogenome sequence of Korean Gloydius ussuriensis (Viperidae: Crotalinae)

Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree constructed with 37 viper mitogenomes, based on 13 concatenated protein-coding genes. Achalinus meiguensis (FJ424614) was used as an outgroup species and bootstrap values are shown at the nodes. The mitogenome of Gloydius ussuriensis (OR680782) was determined in this study.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 4 (continued). Median-joining haplotype networks of all nuclear genes, with clades identified in mitochondrial and multi-locus phylogenetic trees indicated by boxes labelled as a) RAG1; b) cmos; c) PRLR; d) UBN1; e) NT3. The haplotype network branch diversity (HBd) for each clade is indicated in a box in each gene network.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 4 (continued on next page). Median-joining haplotype networks of all nuclear genes, with clades identified in mitochondrial and multi-locus phylogenetic trees indicated by boxes labelled as a) RAG1; b) cmos; c) PRLR; d) UBN1; e) NT3. The haplotype network branch diversity (HBd) for each clade is indicated in a box in each gene network.

Fig. 7. a–d in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 7. a–d. Gloydius chambensis sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (Specimen Number 18.13; Churah Valley, HARC R359). a. Whole body b–d. Close-up of the head in dorsal (b), lateral (c) and ventral (d) views. d. The first and 10th ventrals have been marked with black marker to assist with counting scales. e. A whole body view of specimen 17.v20 from Bhanjraru, Chamba. Photos provided by J.B. Owens and V. Santra.

Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 1. Locations of all specimens used in the study for morphological and phylogenetic analysis. The position of two significant mountain ranges of the Lesser Himalayas, Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar, are indicated by dashed lines. An inset showing the current known distribution of Gloydius himalayanus (Günther, 1864) is also shown, with limits determined by the known altitudinal range (900–5000 m). The maps were constructed using Digital Elevation Models on QGIS ver. 3.22.1. The boundaries used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the authors concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not be full agreement.

Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 3. Multispecies coalescent tree from *Beast. The tips indicate the assigned taxa, and branch labels are posterior probabilities. Clades A–F are as in Fig. 2. The tip labelled "Gloydius_himalayanus_HP1" corresponds to the Chamba specimens and HP2 to the samples from eastern Himachal Pradesh.

Fig. 6 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 6. Canonical Variate analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Günther, 1864) morphological data. Different analyses represent different combinations of characters and specimens as described in the text, a trade-off required by the presence of missing data. a. More characters, fewer specimens (n = 24): the main discriminating characters on CV1 are Supoc (with lower counts at more positive values), 14to12SC, 12to10SC and 8to6SC (occurring more posteriorly at more positive values) and on CV2 are Latgular, Strtemp, Supoc (with higher counts at more positive values). b. Intermediate number of characters and specimens (n = 27): the main discriminating characters on CV1 is Supoc (with higher counts at more positive values), and on CV2 are Latgular, Stripe, Supoc (with higher counts at more positive values) and Stripe and Sublab (with higher counts at more negative values). c. More specimens, fewer characters (n = 31): the main discriminating characters on CV1 is Supoc (with higher counts at more positive values), and on CV2 are Latgular and Strtemp (with higher counts at more positive values). This analysis requires a priori groups to be defined; however, Dalhousie/Kalatop specimens were plotted onto axes extracted using all other groups. In these analyses, CV1 and CV2 summarise 82, 85, and 95% of the variation present, respectively, with CV1 representing ca 60% in all cases.

Fig. 9 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 9. The habitat of Gloydius chambensis sp. nov. in Chamba District, Himachal Pradesh, India (elevation = 1700 m). Photo by V. Santra.

Fig. 8 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 8. Gloydius himalayanus (Günther, 1864). a–c. Male specimen (Great Himalayan National Park, Himachal Pradesh, India; Specimen Number: 18.30). a. Whole body. b–c. Close-up views of the dorsal (b) and lateral (c) head. d. Specimen 17.v03 (Palampur, Kangra), whole body in-situ. Photos provided by J.B. Owens and V. Santra.

Fig. 10 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 10. Examples of bites from Gloydius chambensis sp. nov. a. Female victim bitten on the little toe of her left foot, while walking through long grass to collect drinking water, with visible swelling. b–c. Elderly woman, bitten on the ring finger of her right hand while cutting long grass for cattle fodder, with swelling, localized pain, and tenderness immediately after the bite. After 24 hours, there were signs of infection at the bite site with reduced swelling. The substances on the leg of the first victim and the white substance on the hand of the second victim were applied by a local faith healer.

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Data from: A phylogeographic, demographic and historical analysis of the short-tailed pit viper (Gloydius brevicaudus): evidence for early divergence and late expansion during the Pleistocene

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Figure 5 from: Shi J-S, Liu J-C, Giri R, Owens JB, Santra V, Kuttalam S, Selvan M, Guo K-J, Malhotra A (2021) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Gloydius (Squamata, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with description of two new alpine species from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. ZooKeys 1061: 87-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.70420

Figure 5 Bayesian inferenced tree of the genus Gloydius, along with some relative genus of the family Viperidae, based on 12S, 16S, ND4, and cytb sequences, with the maximum likelihood bootstrap supports (left, regular) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right, italic) displayed on the nodes (those <50% are displayed as "-"). Holotypes are marked with asterisks.

Figure 4 from: Shi J-S, Liu J-C, Giri R, Owens JB, Santra V, Kuttalam S, Selvan M, Guo K-J, Malhotra A (2021) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Gloydius (Squamata, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with description of two new alpine species from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. ZooKeys 1061: 87-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.70420

Figure 4 Color rendered three-dimensional model of Gloydius lipipengi sp. nov. (holotype, IVPP OV 2720) A dorsal view B palatal view, mandibles not shown C lateral view. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bs, basisphenoid; col, columella; cp, compound bone; d, dentary; ecp, ectopterygoid; exo, exoccipital; f, frontal; na, nasal; ma, maxilla; p, parietal; pcr, prearticular crest of compound bone; pfr, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pp, palatine process of maxilla; pro, prootic; psp, parasphenoid rostrum; pt, pterygoid; sac, surangular crest of compound bone; spm; septomaxilla; so, supraoccipital; sp, splenial; st, supratemporal; v, vomer. Conducted by Ye-Mao Hou and Jingsong Shi.

Figure 2 from: Shi J-S, Liu J-C, Giri R, Owens JB, Santra V, Kuttalam S, Selvan M, Guo K-J, Malhotra A (2021) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Gloydius (Squamata, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with description of two new alpine species from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. ZooKeys 1061: 87-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.70420

Figure 2 Holotype of Gloydius lipipengi sp. nov. (IVPP OV 2720) in preservative A dorsal view B ventral view.

Figure 7 from: Shi J-S, Liu J-C, Giri R, Owens JB, Santra V, Kuttalam S, Selvan M, Guo K-J, Malhotra A (2021) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Gloydius (Squamata, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with description of two new alpine species from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. ZooKeys 1061: 87-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.70420

Figure 7 The habitat of Gloydius lipipengi sp. nov. (A Muza Village, Zaty, Tibet, type locality of G. lipipengi sp. nov. B the landscape of the Nujiang River, 15 km from the type locality) and Gloydius swild sp. nov. (C Heishui, Sichuan) A and B Photographs by Jin-Cheng Liu.

Figure 1 from: Shi J-S, Liu J-C, Giri R, Owens JB, Santra V, Kuttalam S, Selvan M, Guo K-J, Malhotra A (2021) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Gloydius (Squamata, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with description of two new alpine species from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. ZooKeys 1061: 87-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.70420

Figure 1 Gloydius lipipengi sp. nov. (A, BIVPP OV 2720, holotype) and Gloydius swild sp. nov. (CIVPP OV 2725, holotype, DIVPP OV, 2726, paratype) in life, not to scale.

Figure 3 from: Shi J-S, Liu J-C, Giri R, Owens JB, Santra V, Kuttalam S, Selvan M, Guo K-J, Malhotra A (2021) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Gloydius (Squamata, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with description of two new alpine species from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. ZooKeys 1061: 87-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.70420

Figure 3 Head squamation of Gloydius lipipengi sp. nov. (Holotype, IVPP OV 2720: A lateral view B dorsal view C ventral view) and G. swild sp. nov. (Holotype, IVPP OV 2725: D lateral view E dorsal view F ventral view). Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figure 6 from: Shi J-S, Liu J-C, Giri R, Owens JB, Santra V, Kuttalam S, Selvan M, Guo K-J, Malhotra A (2021) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Gloydius (Squamata, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with description of two new alpine species from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. ZooKeys 1061: 87-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.70420

Figure 6 Type localities of Gloydius lipipengi sp. nov. (red triangles) and G. swild sp. nov. (black triangles), with the collection localities of some other congeneric species.

Fig. 2 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 2. Maximum-likelihood tree: branch labels indicate the ultrafast bootstrap support (%). In this and subsequent figures, each clade is labelled and designated in a particular colour. These clades correspond to: A. Gloydius himalayanus (Günther, 1864) (black). B. G. blomhoffii (H. Boie, 1826), G. brevicauda (H. Boie, 1826), G. ussuriensis (Emelianov, 1929) (yellow). C. G. qinlingensis Song & Chen, 1985 (red). D. G. liupanensis Liu, Song & Luo, 1989 (purple). E. G. halys (Pallas, 1776), G. intermedius (Strauch, 1868), G. changdaoensis Li, 1999, G. cognatus (Gloyd, 1977), G. stejnegeri (Rendahl, 1933), G. shedaoensis (Zhao, 1979) (blue). F. G. angusticeps Shi, Yang, Huang, Orlov & Li, 2018, G. strauchi (Bedriaga, 1912), G. monticola (F. Werner, 1922), G. rubromaculatus Shi, Wang, Chen, Fang, Ding, Huang, Hou, Liu & Li, 2017 (green).

Fig. 5 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 5. Principal components analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Günther, 1864) morphological data. Different analyses represent different combinations of characters and specimens as described in the text, a trade-off required by the presence of missing data. a. More characters, fewer specimens (n = 18). b. Intermediate number of characters and specimens (n = 22). c. More specimens, fewer characters (n = 31). This analysis does not require a priori grouping; hence the symbols are added for interpretation only.