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FIGURE 1 in New Austrognathiidae (Gnathostomulida: Conophoralia) from Hong Kong and Japan: microscopic anatomy, ultrastructure and evolutionary implications

FIGURE 1. Austrognathia glandifera sp. nov.; reconstructions to show structures important for species determination. Sclerotized pharyngeal structures are shown as dorsal views and are shaded according to the phase effects of the phase-contrast microscope. These effects, such as the dark of the teeth and of the edges of the basal plate, are artefacts and don't represent real structural differences as implied. Some viewing them with bright-field, oblique illumination, or DIC would not see them. A, B. Basal plates. C, D. Jaws. E. Different developmental stages of conuli. Scale bars: 10 µm.

FIGURE 5 in New Austrognathiidae (Gnathostomulida: Conophoralia) from Hong Kong and Japan: microscopic anatomy, ultrastructure and evolutionary implications

FIGURE 5. Austrognatharia orientis sp. nov.; photomicrographs of adult specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. B, C. Pharynx with basal plate and jaws at different focal planes. D–G. Different developmental stages of conuli of specimens from Hong Kong. H–O. Different developmental stages of conuli of specimens from Japan. Scale bars: A 100 µm; B, C 5 µm; D–G 5 µm; H–O 5 µm.

FIGURE 4 in New Austrognathiidae (Gnathostomulida: Conophoralia) from Hong Kong and Japan: microscopic anatomy, ultrastructure and evolutionary implications

FIGURE 4. Austrognatharia orientis sp. nov.; reconstructions to show structures important for species determination. Sclerotized pharyngeal structures are shown as dorsal views and are shaded according to the phase effects of the phase-contrast microscope. These effects, such as the dark of the teeth and of the edges of the basal plate, are artefacts and don't represent real structural differences as implied. Some viewing them with bright-field, oblique illumination, or DIC would not see them. A, B. Basal plates. C. Jaws. D. Different developmental stages of conuli. Scale bars: A, B, C 10 µm; D 5 µm.

FIGURE 7 in New Austrognathiidae (Gnathostomulida: Conophoralia) from Hong Kong and Japan: microscopic anatomy, ultrastructure and evolutionary implications

FIGURE 7. Austrognatharia orientis sp. nov.; electronmicrographs of conuli of specimens from Japan (A–E) and Hong Kong (F, G). A. Spermatogonium and late spermatid lying next to each other. B. Late stage of spermatid with slightly chaotic distribution of mitochondria. Note that the nurse cell entirely encloses the spermatid, especially the small rim of cytoplasm on the left side. C. Later stage of conulus with restricted distribution of mitochondria below the cingulum but no maturation layer. D. Cross section through the same developmental stage as in C. E. Sagittal section through apical part of mature conulus showing the cellular membrane, the maturation layer and the electron-dense cingulum. F. Sagittal section through conulus in stage of disintegration embedded within the bursal tissue. Note maturation layer above the cingulum. Inset: Magnification of basal body. G. Cross section through conulus in stage of disintegration embedded within the bursal tissue. Note maturation layer surrounding the cingulum. Inset: Magnification of basal body. Abbreviations: nc nurse cell, sd spermatid, sg spermatogonium. Scale bars: A, B, C, D, F, G 2 µm; E 200 nm.

FIGURE 2 in New Austrognathiidae (Gnathostomulida: Conophoralia) from Hong Kong and Japan: microscopic anatomy, ultrastructure and evolutionary implications

FIGURE 2. Austrognathia glandifera sp. nov.; photomicrographs of adult specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Double arrowhead points to conuli embedded in bursal tissue. B. Posterior part with male copulatory organ. C. Pharynx with basal plate and jaws. D, E. Jaws. F. Basal plate. G. Conuli. Arrowhead points to granular layer. H. Lateral part of cingulum. Arrowhead points to granular layer. I. Conulus. Abbreviations: bp basal plate, c conulus, cop male copulatory organ, j jaw, o oocyte, pg glandular part of male copulatory organ, ph pharynx, p penis, t testis. Scale bars: A 100 µm; B 50 µm; C, G, I 10 µm; D, E, F 5 µm; H 2 µm.

FIGURE 6 in New Austrognathiidae (Gnathostomulida: Conophoralia) from Hong Kong and Japan: microscopic anatomy, ultrastructure and evolutionary implications

FIGURE 6. Austrognatharia orientis sp. nov.; electronmicrographs of protonephridia (A–E) and the male copulatory organ (F, G). A. Cilium and microvilli with indentation of terminal cell. Arrowheads point to origin of filamentous rods. B. Cross section through terminal cell and canal cell at a plane proximal to the termination of the microvilli of the terminal cell. C. Cross section through terminal cell and canal cell distal to the termination of the microvilli of the terminal cell. Arrows point to ECM. D. Detail of C showing the protonephridial canal and the surrounding six rods of filamentous material. Note that the rods are clearly an intracellular part of the canal cell. E. Section through the nephroporus showing the nephroporus cell and the canal cell. Note the cilium reaching from the protonephridial duct into the nephroporus and the many microvilli of the nephroporus cell. Asterisk marks the cilium of the terminal cell, arrowhead points to centriole of the nephroporus cell. F. Distal part of penis with electron-lucent vesicles. Arrows point to the basal matrix at the base of the penis cells. Note microvilli in the ejaculatory duct. G. Distal, glandular part of male copulatory organ enclosing a mature conulus. Note the numerous electron-dense vesicles in the gland cells. Abbreviations: c conulus, cc canal cell, ep epidermal cell, po nephroporus cell, tc terminal cell. Scale bars: A, D 250 nm; B, C, E 1 µm; F 2 µm; G 5 µm.

FIGURE 3 in New Austrognathiidae (Gnathostomulida: Conophoralia) from Hong Kong and Japan: microscopic anatomy, ultrastructure and evolutionary implications

FIGURE 3. Austrognathia glandifera sp. nov.; sagittal sections through copulatory organs. A–C. Photomicrographs of histological sections. D–G. Electronmicrographs of ultrathin sections. A. Bursa. B. Male copulatory organ. C. Penis. D. Sagittal section through bursa. E. Cross section through bursa. F. Detail of posterior portion of glandular part of male copulatory organ. G. Male copulatory organ. Abbreviations: ag anterior portion of glandular part of male copulatory organ, ba anterior part of bursa, bp posterior part of bursa, c conulus, g gut, gp gonopore, m muscle, n nucleus, o oocyte, pc parenchymal cell, p penis, pg posterior portion of glandular part of male copulatory organ, sd spermatic duct. Scale bars: A, B, C, D, G 10 µm; E 5 µm; F 2 µm.

FIGURE 5. Pterognathia tuatara nov. spec. 5.1 in Gnathostomulida from the Otago Peninsula, southern New Zealand

FIGURE 5. Pterognathia tuatara nov. spec. 5.1 Habitus of a juvenile; 5.2–5.5 Basal plates and jaws of four specimens; 5.6 Sperm; 5.7 Basal plate and jaws in left lateral view. 5.2–5.7 to the same scale as Fig. 1.

FIGURE 4. Pterognathia spp. 4.1–4.3 in Gnathostomulida from the Otago Peninsula, southern New Zealand

FIGURE 4. Pterognathia spp. 4.1–4.3 Pterognathia sica, basal plate and jaws of two specimens (4.1 is a drawing of the preserved wholemount of 4.2); 4.4–4.6 Pterognathia ugera, basal plate and jaws of three specimens (4.5 is a ventral view, unsqueezed); 4.7–4.8 Pterognathia portobello nov. spec., basal plate and jaws of holotype (4.7 less squeezed than 4.8). All to the same scale as Fig. 1.

FIGURE 7 in Gnathostomulida from the Otago Peninsula, southern New Zealand

FIGURE 7. Gnathostomula cf. salotae. 7.1 Habitus; 7.2 Bursa; 7.3–7.4 Male copulatory organ of two specimens; 7.5–7.6 Two aspects of sperm squeezed from the testes; 7.7–7.8 Basal plates and jaws of two specimens (7.8 also shows the jugum, top). 7.5–7.8 to the same scale as Fig. 1.

FIGURE 3. Haplognathia spp. 3.1–3.3 in Gnathostomulida from the Otago Peninsula, southern New Zealand

FIGURE 3. Haplognathia spp. 3.1–3.3 Haplognathia gubbarnorum, basal plate and jaws of three specimens; 3.4–3.6 Haplognathia rosea, basal plate and jaws of three specimens; 3.7–3.8 Haplognathia ruberrima, basal plate and jaws of two specimens. All to the scale in Fig. 1.

FIGURE 6 in Gnathostomulida from the Otago Peninsula, southern New Zealand

FIGURE 6. Pterognathia tuatara nov. spec. Basal plates and jaws of three specimens (in 6.1 the basal plate is below the jaws, and upsidedown). Phase contrast micrographs of live specimens.

FIGURE 9. Austrognatharia australis nov. spec. 9.1 in Gnathostomulida from the Otago Peninsula, southern New Zealand

FIGURE 9. Austrognatharia australis nov. spec. 9.1 Anterior; 9.2 Posterior body region; 9.3 Conuli in the testis; 9.4 Mature conulus. Phase contrast micrographs of live specimens.

FIGURE 8. Austrognatharia australis nov. spec. 8.1 in Gnathostomulida from the Otago Peninsula, southern New Zealand

FIGURE 8. Austrognatharia australis nov. spec. 8.1 Head region; 8.2 Posterior body region with bursa and male organs! 8.3–8.4 Basal plate and jaws of two specimens; 8.5 Mature conulus; 8.6 Twin conulus; 8.7 Fused conuli from the bursa. 8.3–8.7 to the same scale as Fig. 1.

Fig. 10 Z in Morphology and evolution of the nervous system in Gnathostomulida (Gnathifera, Spiralia)

Fig. 10 Z-projections of the nervous system of Austrognathia microconulifera. Serotonin-like immunoreactivity in white, α-tubulinlike immunoreactivity in yellow, FRMF-amid-like immunoreactivity in magenta, and synapsin 2-like immunoreactivity in green. Anterior to the left. a Entire body. b–d Nervous structures in the ventro-anterior part of the body. e–h Brain and sensory structures in the head region. i and j Ventral nervous structures in the middle part of the trunk. k–n Ventral nervous structures in the posterior part of the body. Abbreviations: ano anterior sensory organ; b brain; bg buccal ganglion; bn buccal nerve; bp brain perikarya; cgr ciliary gut receptor; dac dorso-anterior commissure; dc dorso-lateral nerve cord; dp dorsal perikarya; dpc dorso-posterior

FIGURE 2. Haplognathia asymmetrica. 2.1 in Gnathostomulida from the Otago Peninsula, southern New Zealand

FIGURE 2. Haplognathia asymmetrica. 2.1 Pharyngeal region; 2.2–2.3 Basal plate and jaws of two specimens. Phase contrast micrographs of live specimens.

FIGURE 1. Haplognathia asymmetrica. 1.1 in Gnathostomulida from the Otago Peninsula, southern New Zealand

FIGURE 1. Haplognathia asymmetrica. 1.1 Habitus of adult; 1.2–1.13 Basal plates and jaws of eight specimens. 1.2–1.4 Three views of the same basal plate, under increasing squeeze; 1.7 Specimen with grainy degeneration; 1.8 Basal plate in left lateral view. 1.2–1.13 to the same scale.

Fig. 1 in Morphology and evolution of the nervous system in Gnathostomulida (Gnathifera, Spiralia)

Fig. 1 Schematic drawings of the nervous system in Gnathostomula paradoxa as inferred from serotonin-like immunoreactivity and CLSM. a Entire body, dorsal structures. b Entire body, ventral structures. c Head and pharyngeal regions, dorsal structures. d Head and pharyngeal regions, ventral structures. Abbreviations: ap anterior perikaryon; asc anterior sensory cell; b brain; bg buccal ganglion; bn buccal nerve; bu bursa; dac1 first dorso-anterior commissure; dac2 second dorsoanterior commissure; dc dorsolateral nerve cord; dtn dorsal tail nerve; e egg; lc lateral nerve cord; ldp large dorsal perikaryon; llp large lateral perikaryon; lsc lateral sensory cell; mc median connective; mdc middorsal cell; mic mouth innervating cell; mo mouth opening; mp median perikarya; np neuropil; p penis; pb pharyngeal bulb; pc posterior commissure; pp posterior perikaryon; slp small lateral perikaryon; t tail; te testis; vac ventro-anterior commissure; vlc ventro-lateral nerve cord; vpc ventro-posterior commissure; vtn ventral tail nerve; * and + indicate where the dorsal part connects to the ventral one

Fig. 2 in Morphology and evolution of the nervous system in Gnathostomulida (Gnathifera, Spiralia)

Fig. 2 Schematic drawing of the nervous system in Gnathostomula paradoxa as inferred from tyrosinated tubulinlike immunoreactivity and CLSM. Central nervous system in red, short peripheral neurites and plexi in purple. a Entire body, dorsal structures. b Entire body, ventral structures. c Head and pharyngeal regions, dorsal structures. Two pairs of compound cirri (s2 and s4) are not shown. d Head and pharyngeal regions, ventral structures. Abbreviations: ac anterior commissure; adn auxiliary dorsolateral neurite bundles; aln auxiliary lateral neurite bundle; bg buccal ganglion; bn buccal nerve; cgr ciliary gut receptor; cpr ciliary pharyngeal receptor; dc dorso-lateral nerve cord; dtn dorsal tail nerve; lc lateral nerve cord; mdc middorsal cell; mnp median nerve plexus; mo mouth opening; mp median perikarya; mpi male pore innervation; mpr median process; np neuropil; pb pharyngeal bulb; pc posterior commissure; pcc posterior cell cluster; pcl buccal ciliation; ppc postpharyngeal commissure; s1–4 compound cirri; sn sensory nerve; so spiral organ; vlc ventro-lateral nerve cord; vpc ventro-posterior commissure; vtn ventral tail nerve

Fig. 14 in Morphology and evolution of the nervous system in Gnathostomulida (Gnathifera, Spiralia)

Fig. 14 Proposed homology of dorsal and ventral serotonin-like immunoreactive structures in the anterior part of the body of examined species of Gnathostomulida. Numbers of morphological characters referring to the particular structures are provided in brackets