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Figure 4 in Ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes moraisi (Carvalho, 1942) and Chordodes straviarskii Carvalho and Feio, 1950, and re-interpretation of Chordodes gestri Camerano, 1904 and Pseudochordodes griffinii (Camerano, 1898) (Gordiida, Nematomorpha)

Figure 4. SEM of male of ''Pseudochordodes griffinii'' holotype. (A) Cuticle of midbody; (B) areolar group in the middle region of the body. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Figure 2 in Ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes moraisi (Carvalho, 1942) and Chordodes straviarskii Carvalho and Feio, 1950, and re-interpretation of Chordodes gestri Camerano, 1904 and Pseudochordodes griffinii (Camerano, 1898) (Gordiida, Nematomorpha)

Figure 2. SEM of female of Chordodes staviarskii holotype. (A) Ventral view of posterior end with cloacal opening, bristles and radiating grooves (arrow). (B, C) Midbody cuticle: (B) areoles types 1–3 and interareolar tubercle; (C) areoles of type 1–3 and clusters containing types 4 and 6. (D) Areoles type 5 and 6 in the longitudinal ventral groove; b, bristles; t, tubercle. Scale bars: 100 mm (A, D); 10 mm (B); 50 mm (C).

Figure 1 in Ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes moraisi (Carvalho, 1942) and Chordodes straviarskii Carvalho and Feio, 1950, and re-interpretation of Chordodes gestri Camerano, 1904 and Pseudochordodes griffinii (Camerano, 1898) (Gordiida, Nematomorpha)

Figure 1. SEM of female of Chordodes moraisi, holotype. (A) Ventral view of posterior end with cloacal opening; (B) midbody cuticle, areoles types 1–3; (C) tubercle in the interareolar furrow; (D, E) areoles type 4 with long filaments in the longitudinal ventral groove. Scale bars: 100 mm (A, E); 50 mm (B–D).

Figure 3 in Ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes moraisi (Carvalho, 1942) and Chordodes straviarskii Carvalho and Feio, 1950, and re-interpretation of Chordodes gestri Camerano, 1904 and Pseudochordodes griffinii (Camerano, 1898) (Gordiida, Nematomorpha)

Figure 3. SEM of male of ''Chordodes gestri'' holotype. (A, B) Ventral view of posterior end: (A) whole posterior end with cloacal opening (arrow); (B) cloacal opening with circumcloacal bristles. (C) Cuticle at the midbody with megareolar pattern. (D) Areolar pattern in the anterior region of the body. Scale bars: 100 mm (A); 50 mm (B); 10 mm (C, D).

Figure 4 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-I. Ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes gariazzi Camerano, 1902, C. heinzei Sciacchitano, 1937, C. kolensis Sciacchitano, 1933, C. muelleri Sciacchitano, 1937, and C. ruandensis Sciacchitano, 1937

Figure 4. Chordodes muelleri, female. (A) Stereomicroscope, posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow); (B) body cuticle with simple (1) and tubercle areoles (2); (C) clusters containing crowned (3) and circumcluster (4) areoles; (D) cluster of crowned areoles with long filaments (5) along the ventral midline. Scale bars: 16.6 mm (A); 10 mm (B, C).

Figure 1 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-I. Ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes gariazzi Camerano, 1902, C. heinzei Sciacchitano, 1937, C. kolensis Sciacchitano, 1933, C. muelleri Sciacchitano, 1937, and C. ruandensis Sciacchitano, 1937

Figure 1. Chordodes gariazzi, SEM. (A) Ventral view of male posterior end with cloacal opening (c), arrow indicates position of the bristlefields; (B) general view of the midbody cuticle with simple (1), bulging (2), tubercle (3), crowned (4), and circumcluster areoles (5); (C) cuticle of the lateral side of the body with simple, bulging, and tubercle areoles (numbering as in B); (D) tubercle areole and areolar cluster of crowned and circumcluster areoles. Scale bars: 100 mm (A); 25 mm (B, C); 10 mm (D).

Figure 2 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-I. Ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes gariazzi Camerano, 1902, C. heinzei Sciacchitano, 1937, C. kolensis Sciacchitano, 1933, C. muelleri Sciacchitano, 1937, and C. ruandensis Sciacchitano, 1937

Figure 2. Chordodes heinzei, male. (A) Stereomicroscope, posterior end with subterminal cloacal opening (arrow). (B–F) SEM: (B) general view of the midbody cuticle; (C) simple and bulging areoles; (D) lateral view of the midbody cuticle; (E) lateral view of cluster with crowned and circumcluster areoles; (F) cluster as in (E) from top. Numbering: simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (3), crowned (4), and circumcluster (5) areoles. Scale bars: 16.6 mm (A); 100 mm (B); 25 mm (C, F); 12.5 mm (D); 10 mm (E).

Figure 5 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-I. Ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes gariazzi Camerano, 1902, C. heinzei Sciacchitano, 1937, C. kolensis Sciacchitano, 1933, C. muelleri Sciacchitano, 1937, and C. ruandensis Sciacchitano, 1937

Figure 5. Chordodes ruandensis, female. (A) Stereomicroscope, posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow); (B, C) SEM: (B) cuticle of the lateral side of the body with simple areoles; (C) cuticle with crowned (2) and circumcluster (3) areoles. Scale bars: 16.6 mm (A); 10 mm (B, C).

Figure 3 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-I. Ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes gariazzi Camerano, 1902, C. heinzei Sciacchitano, 1937, C. kolensis Sciacchitano, 1933, C. muelleri Sciacchitano, 1937, and C. ruandensis Sciacchitano, 1937

Figure 3. Chordodes kolensis. (A) Stereomicroscope, male posterior end, subterminal cloacal opening (arrow) (AMT 1400). (B–G) SEM: (B) female posterior end with terminal cloacal opening (arrow) (AMT 1390); (C–F) cuticle from male specimens; (C) general view of the midbody cuticle; (D) higher magnification from (C); (E) additional areolar types (labelled 3 and 4); (F) crowned areoles with short filaments from the lateral body sides; (G) female crowned areoles with long apical filaments from the ventral midline. Numbering: simple (1), bulging (2), special types (3, 4), crowned with short filaments (5), circumcluster (6), and crowned with long filaments (7) areoles. Scale bars: 16.6 mm (A); 100 mm (B, C); 25 mm (D); 10 mm (E, F); 50 mm (G).

Figure 5 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958

Figure 5. Chordodes digitatus. (A, B) SEM male midbody cuticle: (A) cuticle with simple (1), tubercle (2) and thorn areoles; (B) midbody cuticle showing thorn areole (3) and clusters of crowned areoles (4) surrounded by circumcluster areoles (5). (C) SEM of female longitudinal ventral groove: thorn areole (3) and crowned areoles with long filaments (6). Scale bars: 10 mm.

Figure 2 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958

Figure 2. Chordodes clavatus, male, SEM. (A) Posterior end with subterminal cloacal opening (c) and bristlefields (black arrows); (B) detail of the posterior end showing the bristlefields (Bf), the cloacal opening (c) and circumcloacal spines (white arrow); (C) general view of the midbody cuticle; (D) detail of the midbody cuticle with simple (1), bulging (2), and tubercle areole (3); (E) midbody cuticle with clusters of crowned areoles (4) surrounded by circumcluster areoles (5). Scale bars: 100 mm (A, C); 10 mm (B, D, E).

Figure 1 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958

Figure 1. Chordodes capensis. (A) Stereo microscopy, ventral view of male posterior end; (B) stereo microscopy, female posterior end; (C, D) SEM of male cuticle, image of midbody cuticle showing simple (1), tubercle (2), crowned (3), and circumcluster areoles (4); (E, F) SEM of female longitudinal ventral groove crowned areoles with long filaments (5). Scale bars: 16.6 mm (A, B); 20 mm (C–E); 10 mm (F).

Figure 4 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958

Figure 4. Chordodes digitatus, holotype, SEM male posterior end. (A) View of the cloacal opening (c) lying on the central cuticular protuberance and surrounded by circumcloacal spines. Lateral to the cloacal opening are two rows of bristles (the bristlefield, arrow); (B) detail of the posterior end. Scale bars: 50 mm (A); 20 mm (B).

Figure 3 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958

Figure 3. (A, B) Chordodes clavatus, female, SEM: (A) general view of the body cuticle showing simple (1), bulging (2), crowned areoles with short filaments (4), and circumcluster areoles (5); (B) crowned areoles with long apical filaments (6) and thorn areole (7) from the ventral midline posterior end. (C) [Chordodes ibembensis], cuticle of the holotype showing simple (1), tubercle (2), bulging (3), crowned areoles (4), and circumcluster areoles (5). (D) [Chordodes uncinatus], cuticle with the same types of areoles as [Chordodes ibembensis]. Scale bars: 20 mm (A); 50 mm (B); 10 mm (C, D).

Figure 6 in Revision of the genus Chordodes (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) from Africa-III: ultrastructural redescription of Chordodes capensis Camerano, 1895, C. clavatus Linstow, 1906, C. digitatus Linstow, 1901, C. tuberculatus Linstow, 1901, and reinterpretation of C. ibembensis Sciacchitano, 1958 and C. uncinatus Sciacchitano, 1958

Figure 6. Chordodes tuberculatus, holotype. (A–C) Posterior end: (A) general view showing the cloacal opening (c); (B) detail of the cuticle, cloacal opening (c) and bristlefields (arrow) of the terminal end; (C) detail of the bristlefields. (D–F) Midbody cuticle: (D) general view; (E) cuticle with simple (1), tubercle areoles with an eccentric tubercle (2) and clusters of crowned areoles (3); (F) detail of simple (1) and tubercle areoles (2). Scale bars: 50 mm (A, D); 20 mm (B); 10 mm (C, E, F).

FIGURE 8. Chordodes janovyi n in Redescription of the African Chordodes albibarbatus Montgomery 1898, and description of Chordodes janovyi n. sp. (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) and its non-adult stages from Cameroon, Africa

FIGURE 8. Chordodes janovyi n. sp. cysts recovered from an experimentally infected Physa gyrina snail. (A) An immature cyst. Note the single folding pattern. Scale bar = 20 μm. (B) Mature cysts; note the clear halo surrounding the encysted larvae. Scale bar = 20 μm.

FIGURE 7 in Redescription of the African Chordodes albibarbatus Montgomery 1898, and description of Chordodes janovyi n. sp. (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) and its non-adult stages from Cameroon, Africa

FIGURE 7. SEM of larvae of Chordodes janovyi n. sp. (A) Ventral side; note two posterior spines (PS). Scale bar = 2 μm. (B) Close up of ventral posterior side showing the pseudointestine gland opening (PSGO); AS anterior spine. Scale bar = 400 nm. (C) Larva anterior end; note stylet (S). Scale bar = 1 μm. (D) Close up of stylet from (C). SS stylet spines; note arrangement of five spines (two aligned pairs and one single spine above) on the dorsal and ventral sides of the style. Scale bar = 1 μm.

FIGURE 6 in Redescription of the African Chordodes albibarbatus Montgomery 1898, and description of Chordodes janovyi n. sp. (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) and its non-adult stages from Cameroon, Africa

FIGURE 6. Eggs strings, eggs, and larvae of Chordodes janovyi n. sp. (A) Egg strings deposited on a stick. Scale bar = 5 mm. (B) Undeveloped egg. Scale bar = 20 μm. (C) Egg with larva. Scale bar = 20 μm. (D) Hatched larva; note the stylet black arrow, and pseudointestine white arrow (lateral view). Scale bar = 10 μm. (E) Larvae with everted stylets. Scale bar = 12 μm. (F) Larva secreting thin threads from the pseudo intestine. Scale bar = 20 μm. (G) SEM ventral view of larva showing superficial annulation and the postseptum containing two pairs of terminal spines located ventrally. AS anterior spines; PA posterior spines. Scale bar = 2 μm. (H) SEM anterior view of larva showing stylet and hook arrangement. LP lateral papillae, MH middle hook, VH ventral hooks. Scale bar = 2 μm.

FIGURE 4 in Redescription of the African Chordodes albibarbatus Montgomery 1898, and description of Chordodes janovyi n. sp. (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) and its non-adult stages from Cameroon, Africa

FIGURE 4. Holotype of male Chordodes janovyi n. sp. (A) Anterior end showing the degenerate mouth (black arrow); tapered anterior end with a white cap, and no dark collar. Scale bar = 300 μm. (B) Posterior end. Note the posterior end is round with the indication of two lobes; oval cloaca (arrow). Scale bar = 300 μm. (C) SEM overview of cuticle showing simple areoles (1), tubercle areoles (2), and crowned (3) and circumcluster areoles (4). Note simple areoles are separated between neighbors by interareolar furrows by a distance of 2–5 µm apart. Scale bar = 30 μm. (D) Light microscopy showing pair of crowned areoles (3) surrounded by smaller circumcluster areoles. Scale bar = 30 μm. (E) Light microscopy lateral view of two crowned areole with long filaments surrounded by circumcluster areoles. Scale bar = 30 μm. (F) Circumcluster areole with small bristles on top. Scale bar = 10 μm.

FIGURE 5 in Redescription of the African Chordodes albibarbatus Montgomery 1898, and description of Chordodes janovyi n. sp. (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) and its non-adult stages from Cameroon, Africa

FIGURE 5. Paratype of female Chordodes janovyi n. sp. (A) Anterior end; note the degenerate mouth (black arrow). Scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Posterior end; cloaca is terminal. Scale bar = 500 μm. (C) Overview of cuticle showing: groups of crowned and circumcluster areole with long filaments among simple areoles. Scale bar = 100 μm. (D) Close up of crowned areole with long filaments surrounded by circumcluster areoles. Scale bar = 10 μm. (E) Thorn areole. Scale bar = 10 μm. (F) Tubercle areoles. Scale bar = 10 μm.