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FIGURE 7 in A new generic name, Semigothograptus, for Gothograptus? meganassa Rickards & Palmer, 2002, from the Silurian post- lundgreni Biozone recovery phase, and comparative morphology of retiolitids from the lowermost upper Homerian (upper Wenlock)

FIGURE 7. SEM pictures of nassa type genicular hoods of Gothograptus nassa Holm, 1890 and Semigothograptus meganassa (Rickards & Palmer, 2002). A – D. Semigothograptus meganassa, ZPAL G. 54 / 1, 1649.2 m, Bartoszyce IG- 1 drill core, Poland, uppermost part of dubius / nassa Biozone, A. hood of th 2 2 with marked surface bandages (arrow). B. enlargement showing pustules on parallel bandages (arrow), C. hood of th 1 2 with marked space between bandages (arrow), D. hood of th 3 2, surface bandages (arrow). E – H. Gothograptus nassa, Bartoszyce IG- 1, 1655.8 m, dubius / nassa Biozone, E. whole hood of th 3 2, irregular bandages arrowed, specimen ZPAL G. 54 / 3. F – G. enlargement of hood, ZPAL G. 54 / 9, F. showing pustules on parallel bandages (arrows), G. presenting edges of subjacent bandages (arrows). H. fragment of hood of mature specimen with thick layer of irregular bandages with distinctive pustules and parallel bandages (arrow), ZPAL G. 54 / 6.

FIGURE 6 in A new generic name, Semigothograptus, for Gothograptus? meganassa Rickards & Palmer, 2002, from the Silurian post- lundgreni Biozone recovery phase, and comparative morphology of retiolitids from the lowermost upper Homerian (upper Wenlock)

FIGURE 6. Silurian paleogeographic map with occurrences of Semigothograptus new genus. Localities and graptolite data derived from the following literature sources; 1. Northeastern Poland (Baltica): this paper. 2. United Kingdom (Avalonia): Rickards & Palmer 2002. 3. Bohemia: KozłowskāDawidziuk et al. 2001. 4. Thuringia (Saxo-Thuringia): Jaeger 1991.

FIGURE 5 in A new generic name, Semigothograptus, for Gothograptus? meganassa Rickards & Palmer, 2002, from the Silurian post- lundgreni Biozone recovery phase, and comparative morphology of retiolitids from the lowermost upper Homerian (upper Wenlock)

FIGURE 5. Stratigraphical ranges of the Semigothograptus meganassa (Rickards & Palmer, 2002) in the Homerian at United Kingdom (Rickards & Palmers 2002), Czech Republic (Kozłowska et al. 2001), Germany (Maletz 2010), and Poland (Kozłowska this paper). Abbreviations: L. Hom.—Lower Homerian, Rep.—Republic.

FIGURE 3 in A new generic name, Semigothograptus, for Gothograptus? meganassa Rickards & Palmer, 2002, from the Silurian post- lundgreni Biozone recovery phase, and comparative morphology of retiolitids from the lowermost upper Homerian (upper Wenlock)

FIGURE 3. Light photos of Semigothograptus meganassa (Rickards & Palmer, 2002), specimen broken into two parts, ZPAL G.54/2, Bartoszyce IG-1 drill core, depth 1649.2 m; A. with sediment before cleaning in HF; B–C. two sides of lower part of the fragment after cleaning in HF. Abbreviation: lat. ap. rod—lateral apertural rod.

FIGURE 4 in A new generic name, Semigothograptus, for Gothograptus? meganassa Rickards & Palmer, 2002, from the Silurian post- lundgreni Biozone recovery phase, and comparative morphology of retiolitids from the lowermost upper Homerian (upper Wenlock)

FIGURE 4. Comparison of the main structures of tubaria used in this study. A. Papiliograptus papilio Lenz & Kozłowska- Dawidziuk, 2002, Šiupyliai-69 borehole, Lithuania; B. Semigothograptus meganassa (Rickards & Palmer, 2002), ZPAL G.54/ 1, Bartoszyce IG-1 drill core, depth 1649.2 m; C-D. Gothograptus nassa Holm, 1890, C. young colony, reverse side, ZPAL G.54/4, Bartoszyce IG-1 drill core, depth 1656.8 m, D. mature colony with broken distal end, obverse side, ZPAL G.54/5, Bartoszyce IG-1 drill core, depth, 1655.8 m. Scale 1 mm for all pictures. Abbreviations: anc.—ancora, sl.—sleeve, umbr.— umbrella.

FIGURE 2 in A new generic name, Semigothograptus, for Gothograptus? meganassa Rickards & Palmer, 2002, from the Silurian post- lundgreni Biozone recovery phase, and comparative morphology of retiolitids from the lowermost upper Homerian (upper Wenlock)

FIGURE 2. Proximal ends showing ancora umbrella looping meshes of A. Gothograptus nassa Holm, 1890 early growth stage, ZPAL G.54/7, Bartoszyce IG-1 drill core, depth 1656.8 m; B. Semigothograptus meganassa (Rickards & Palmer, 2002), ZPAL G.54/1, Bartoszyce IG-1 drill core, depth 1649.2 m.

FIGURE 1 in A new generic name, Semigothograptus, for Gothograptus? meganassa Rickards & Palmer, 2002, from the Silurian post- lundgreni Biozone recovery phase, and comparative morphology of retiolitids from the lowermost upper Homerian (upper Wenlock)

FIGURE 1. Tubaria of A–C. Gothograptus nassa Holm, 1890 and D. Semigothograptus meganassa (Rickards & Palmer, 2002) from dubius/nassa Biozone, Bartoszyce IG-1 drill core, Poland. A. Gothograptus nassa, obverse view of mature tubarium with destroyed distal end, long morphotype, ZPAL G.54/5, 1655.8 m, B. latero-ventral view of mature tubarium with appendix, short morphotype, ZPAL G.54/8, 1658.8 m, C. long appendix, ZPAL G.54/10, 1656.8 m. D. Semigothograptus meganassa, obverse view, ZPAL G.54/1, 1649.2 m, uppermost part of dubius/nassa Biozone.

FIGURE 7 in A new generic name, Semigothograptus, for Gothograptus? meganassa Rickards & Palmer, 2002, from the Silurian post- lundgreni Biozone recovery phase, and comparative morphology of retiolitids from the lowermost upper Homerian (upper Wenlock)

FIGURE 7. SEM pictures of nassa type genicular hoods of Gothograptus nassa Holm, 1890 and Semigothograptus meganassa (Rickards & Palmer, 2002). A–D. Semigothograptus meganassa, ZPAL G.54/1, 1649.2 m, Bartoszyce IG-1drill core, Poland, uppermost part of dubius/nassa Biozone, A. hood of th22 with marked surface bandages (arrow). B. enlargement showing pustules on parallel bandages (arrow), C. hood of th12 with marked space between bandages (arrow), D. hood of th32, surface bandages (arrow). E–H. Gothograptus nassa, Bartoszyce IG-1, 1655.8 m, dubius/nassa Biozone, E. whole hood of th32, irregular bandages arrowed, specimen ZPAL G.54/3. F–G. enlargement of hood, ZPAL G.54/9, F. showing pustules on parallel bandages (arrows), G. presenting edges of subjacent bandages (arrows). H. fragment of hood of mature specimen with thick layer of irregular bandages with distinctive pustules and parallel bandages (arrow), ZPAL G.54/6.

FIGURE 21 in Evolutionary significance of the retiolitine Gothograptus (Graptolithina) with four new species from the Silurian of the East European Platform (Baltica), Poland and Lithuania

FIGURE 21. Mature tubaria of Gothograptus obtectus Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, 1990 from Lithuania, Šiupyliai-69 core, depth 1012.0 m, lundgreni Biozone. A, B, E. finite tubarium with no proximal end, ventro-lateral view, VU RET-19; A, whole specimen; B, enlargement of last thecae; E. enlargement of thecal hood. C–D. proximal part of tubarium, obverse view, VU RET-20; C. enlargement of medial part; D. whole specimen; F–H. fragment of tubarium, lateral-ventral view, VU RET-21; F. whole specimen; G. enlargement of proximal part; H. enlargement of distal part. Abbreviations: genic.—geniculum, lat. ap.— lateral apertural, m–v.—mid-ventral.

FIGURE 20 in Evolutionary significance of the retiolitine Gothograptus (Graptolithina) with four new species from the Silurian of the East European Platform (Baltica), Poland and Lithuania

FIGURE 20. Tubaria of Gothograptus obtectus Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, 1990, Zawada 1 core, depth 1533.3–1540.0 m, Poland, upper part of lundgreni Biozone. A. tubarium, ZPAL G.XIII/23. B. gerontic tubarium, holotype, ZPAL G.XIII/23. Abbreviations: conn.—connecting, v.—ventral.

FIGURE 17 in Evolutionary significance of the retiolitine Gothograptus (Graptolithina) with four new species from the Silurian of the East European Platform (Baltica), Poland and Lithuania

FIGURE 17. Mature tubaria of Gothograptus kozlowskii Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, 1990 from the Šiupyliai-69 core, depth 1009.1 m, lundgreni Biozone, Lithuania. A–E. mature tubarium with seven pairs of thecae, VU RET-17; A. whole specimen, ventro-lateral view; B. enlargement of distal part of tubarium; C. enlargement of medial part of tubarium; D, E. orifice of th31. F. fragment of mature tubarium showing overgrown proximal ventral orifice, ventral view, VU RET-18.

FIGURE 14. Gothograptus auriculatus n in Evolutionary significance of the retiolitine Gothograptus (Graptolithina) with four new species from the Silurian of the East European Platform (Baltica), Poland and Lithuania

FIGURE 14. Gothograptus auriculatus n. sp., proximal ends of tubaria, Bartoszyce IG-1 core, depth 1645.2 m, praedeubeli Biozone, Poland. A. immature tubarium with the first three thecae, reverse view, ZPAL G.55/27. B. ventro-lateral side of tubarium, ZPAL G.55/28. C–E. reverse views of mature tubaria with very wide lists surrounding proximal lateral orifice and prongs; C. ZPAL G.55/23; D. lateral view, ZPAL G.55/29; F.

FIGURE 13 in Evolutionary significance of the retiolitine Gothograptus (Graptolithina) with four new species from the Silurian of the East European Platform (Baltica), Poland and Lithuania

FIGURE 13. Mature tubaria of Gothograptus auriculatus n. sp., Bartoszyce IG-1 core, depth 1645.2 m, praedeubeli Biozone, Poland. A. lateral-ventral tubarium aspect with six pairs of thecae, with the distal end broken off, ZPAL G.55/22. B. obverse side of tubarium with proximal end, holotype, ZPAL G.55/23. C, F. reverse views of distal fragments with six pairs of thecae and appendix, paratype ZPAL G.55/24; C. whole specimen; F. enlargement of distal part showing thick lists and auricle. D. part of tubarium with proximal end, reverse view, ZPAL G.55/25. E. ventral view of distal part of tubarium with beginning of appendix, ZPAL G.55/26.

FIGURE 12 in Evolutionary significance of the retiolitine Gothograptus (Graptolithina) with four new species from the Silurian of the East European Platform (Baltica), Poland and Lithuania

FIGURE 12. Mature specimens of Gothograptus nassa (Holm, 1890) from Bartoszyce IG-1 core, depth, Poland. A. distal fragment with eight pairs of thecae and appendix, G.55/16. B. fragment of distal end, ZPAL G.55/17. C–E. tubarium with 12 pairs of thecae, ZPAL G.55/18; C. ventro-lateral view of specimen; D. enlargement of orifice of th21; E. enlargement showing thickness of hood. F. medial part of specimen with five pairs of thecae, ZPAL G.55/19. G–H. proximal fragment of fragment of specimen with five pairs of thecae, ZPAL G.55/20; G. ventro-lateral view; H. enlargement of th41. I–J. distal fragment of tubarium with 10 pairs of thecae and appendix, ZPAL G.55/21; I. whole specimen; J. enlargement of thecal hood.

FIGURE 10 in Evolutionary significance of the retiolitine Gothograptus (Graptolithina) with four new species from the Silurian of the East European Platform (Baltica), Poland and Lithuania

FIGURE 10. Immature tubaria of Gothograptus nassa (Holm, 1890) from Bartoszyce IG-1, depth 1655.8 m, dubius/nassa Biozone, Poland. A–B. tubarium with 18 pairs of thecae, ZPAL G.28/1, A ventro-lateral view; B. enlargement of hood of th151. C–E. ventral view of tubarium with 10 pairs of thecae, ZPAL G.55/13; C. whole tubarium; D. enlargement of hood of th81; E. enlargement of hood of th102. F. tubarium with nine pairs of thecae, ZPAL G.28/2. G. tubarium with 10 pairs of thecae, ZPAL G.55/14. H. tubarium with 13 pairs of thecae, ZPAL G.55/15.

FIGURE 9 in Evolutionary significance of the retiolitine Gothograptus (Graptolithina) with four new species from the Silurian of the East European Platform (Baltica), Poland and Lithuania

FIGURE 9. Morphology of two types of veil with coloured lists of tubaria. A–B Gothograptus obtectus Kozłowska- Dawidziuk, 1990, Lithuania, Šiupyliai-69 core, depth 1012.0 m, lundgreni Biozone; A. fragment of tubarium with two veils, ventro-lateral view; B. coloured drawing of ventral wall. C. Gothograptus velo n. sp. distal fragment of tubarium, ventro-lateral view, Zawada 1 core, depth 1533.3–1540.0 m, upper part of lundgreni Biozone, Poland, ZPAL G.XIII/25. Drawings DEB.

FIGURE 7 in Evolutionary significance of the retiolitine Gothograptus (Graptolithina) with four new species from the Silurian of the East European Platform (Baltica), Poland and Lithuania

FIGURE 7. Thecal orifices and hoods of Gothograptus. A. Pyramidal orifices in Gothograptus domeyki n. sp., VU RET-13, Šiupyliai-69 core, Lithuania, depth 1010.0 m, upper part of lundgreni Biozone. B. rectangular orifice in Gothograptus nassa (Holm, 1890), Bartoszyce IG-1 core, depth 1656.8 m, nassa Biozone, ZPAL G.55/13.

FIGURE 5 in Evolutionary significance of the retiolitine Gothograptus (Graptolithina) with four new species from the Silurian of the East European Platform (Baltica), Poland and Lithuania

FIGURE 5. Comparison of Gothograptus obtectus Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, 1990 (A) and (B) Gothograptus nassa (Holm, 1890), showing comparative morphology of tubaria. A. medial part of tubarium, obverse side. B. proximal part of tubarium, starting from the ancora umbrella rim, reverse side. The lists of the ancora umbrella are omitted. Drawings DEB.

FIGURE 4 in Evolutionary significance of the retiolitine Gothograptus (Graptolithina) with four new species from the Silurian of the East European Platform (Baltica), Poland and Lithuania

FIGURE 4. Proximal ends of young and mature tubaria of (A–B) Gothograptus auriculatus n. sp., Bartoszyce IG-1 core, depth 1645.2 m, praedeubeli Biozone, light blue colour indicates ancora umbrella rim; A. immature tubarium with the first three thecae, obverse view, ZPAL G.55/6. B. mature tubarium, obverse view, with wide lists above proximal lateral orifice (dark blue), ZPAL G.55/23. C, D, E, G, H. Gothograptus nassa (Holm, 1890), Mulde Marl, Blåhäll, Gotland, Sweden Locality 813- 832, Blåhäll 1 (Spjeldnaes 1984); C. inside view of proximal end with sicula rim, ZPAL G.55/8. D. outside view of ancora, stereopair, ZPAL G.55/9. E, outside view of ancora, stereopair, ZPAL G.55/10. G. stereopair of proximal end, ventral view, ZPAL G.55/11; H. lateral view with colored reticulated wall of metasicula, ZPAL G.55/12. F. Gothograptus kozlowskii Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, 1990; erratic boulder, Jarosławiec 147, Poland, lundgreni Biozone, outside view of proximal end, with outer ancora, ZPAL G.XIII/43. Abbreviations: anc.—ancora umbrella, lat.—lateral, m-v—mid-ventral list, prox.—proximal, orif.—orifice, th—theca, umb.—umbrella.

FIGURE 2 in Evolutionary significance of the retiolitine Gothograptus (Graptolithina) with four new species from the Silurian of the East European Platform (Baltica), Poland and Lithuania

FIGURE 2. Immature tubaria of Gothograptus auriculatus n. sp. from the Bartoszyce IG-1 core, depth 1645.6 m, praedeubeli Biozone, Poland. A. tubarium with four pairs of thecae, ZPAL G.55/1. B. tubarium with two pairs of thecae, ZPAL G.55/2. C– E. tubarium with first pair of thecae, ZPAL G.55/3; C. ventro-lateral view, D. enlargement of distal part of virga with trace of prosicular apex, E. enlargement of distal end showing virga and fragment of virgella. Abbreviation: pros.—prosicular.