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729 results for “Grazing”
Effects of large mammal herbivory on salt marsh invertebrate communities varies with grazing type
We studied mammalian grazing (cattle, feral horses, and artificial grazing) on three barrier islands on the coast of Georgia, USA. All three grazing types altered invertebrate community composition, but in different ways. Cattle grazing had the most negative impact on plant height, chlorophyll content and toughness, and on the density and diversity of invertebrates, while artificial grazing produced some positive effects on planthoppers, herbivorous Chaetopsis spp. flies, and spiders. Although the responses to grazing of some plant traits and some invertebrate taxa were variable, plant height and katydid (Orchelimum fidicinium) density were consistently reduced by the three grazing types. Katydids did not have a feeding preference for grazed versus ungrazed plants, but grew better on ungrazed plants.
Annual monitoring of mid-marsh grazing scar at eight GCE LTER sampling sites from 2017 - 2025
Damage by chewing herbivores (grazing scars) was measured at eight sampling sites within the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) LTER study area annually in July. Visual surveys were conducted along 8 2m by 10m transects randomly allocated within the mid-marsh zone at each site. Herbivore damage was measured by visually estimating the percent area of leaves missing (grazing scars) to haphazardly chosen leaves along the transect. This survey was conducted as part of the GCE invertebrate monitoring program, and will be performed annually to assess long-term changes in relative species abundances across the GCE study area. In 2024 only 3 sites were sampled due to time and weather constraints.
Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance of Grazing Lands across the continental United States, 2013-2023
Grazing lands underpin U.S. beef production, store roughly one-third of global soil organic carbon, deliver multiple ecosystem services, and are closely tied to the prosperity and resilience of rural communities. In this study, we calculated net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB), the net status of grazing lands as a carbon sink or source, by integrating carbon uptake from photosynthesis, and carbon loss through ecosystem respiration, enteric fermentation and manure from livestock. Our objective was to synthesize multiple years of annual NECB of grazing lands measured by eddy covariance towers from 16 pastures across seven USDA Long-term Agroecosystem Research Network (LTAR) sites and enteric fermentation and manure emissions derived from the stocking rates. We evaluated annual NECB against mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT), vegetation, soil, fire history, grazing pressure index (GPI) and fertilization history. We found: (1) grazing lands were a carbon sink or neutral in most sites, and NECB was not significantly different between grasslands and shrublands, mesic and xeric conditions, and fertilized and unfertilized sites; (2) NECB increased with precipitation and temperature, but decreased with a higher GPI; and (3) precipitation, temperature, and GPI interacted such that temperature had a positive effect when MAP was greater than 700 mm and GPI had a negative effect when MAP was less than 1000 mm. Thus, most grazing lands in our study function as a carbon sink unless coupled with water deficit, low temperature, or heavy grazing. NECB is most sensitive to precipitation when water was limited with high interannual variability. Future work to improve our understanding of NECB on grazing lands should directly measure enteric fermentation and ecosystem emissions in different systems and add measurements on carbon loss through wind erosion and leaching.
GPH01 Grazing management effects on pollinator communities and habitat at Konza Prairie, 2024-2025
For all data files, data were collected in Konza Prairie LTER sites: N1A, N1B, C1A, K1B, and 1D during May, July, and August in both 2024 and 2025. The goal was to investigate variation in pollinator foraging and nesting habitat and in foraging and nesting pollinator communities across grazing regimes. Details for each file follow: 1. Plant-pollinator interactions (file = pollinatorNetworks); 2. Bees collected from ground nests (file = nestingBees); 3. Floral resources observed along transects (file = floralResources); 4. Bare ground cover and vegetation height measured along transects (file = otherHabitat); 5. Soil characteristics (file = soils)
In-situ grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction data of the crystallization process of organic-inorganic methylammonium lead bromide perovskite (MAPbBr3) via employing an isopropanol antisolvent. Raw Data
<p>The dataset contains 400 diffraction images from a 40 second in-situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering measurement of the crystallization process of organic-inorganic methylammonium lead bromide perovskite (MAPbBr3) on a glass substrate. The crystallization is initiated via employing an isopropanol antisolvent during the spin-coating of the perovskite precursor solution. 40 µL of MAPbBr3 solution (4:1 DMF/DMSO solvent mixture) was applied on plasma-cleaned glass substrate in a chamber with kapton windows. The two-phase spin-coating regime included 10 seconds at 1000 rpm followed by 30 seconds at 2000 rpm, 200 µL of antisolvent was dispensed at t = 30 s.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>The data was acquired at the P08 Beamline at PETRA III (DESY Hamburg). Acquisition parameters:</p> <p> </p> <ul> <li> <p>X-ray wavelength: 0.6888 nm</p> </li> <li> <p>Sample detector distance: 809 mm</p> </li> <li> <p>Incidence angle: 0.5 deg.</p> </li> <li> <p>Detector model: XRD 1621 CN3 EHS</p> </li> <li> <p>Acquisition rate : 10 frames per second (10 Hz)</p> </li> <li> <p>Direct beam position (pixels): 545, 222</p> </li> </ul>
Insights on global rangeland ecosystem services shaped by grazing and fertilization (2007-2021)
The Nutrient Network (NutNet) is a globally coordinated research initiative aimed at investigating the impacts of human-induced changes in nutrient availability and consumer presence on grassland ecosystems. In this study, we used data from 79 grassland sites participating in NutNet, which includes a factorial experiment involving herbivory exclusion and/or nutrient addition. Standardized methodologies were applied across all sites to facilitate direct comparisons of response variables. We used ecosystem variables to quantify three provisioning ecosystem services (forage quantity, forage chemical quality, and forage physical quality), three supporting services (forage stability, soil fertility, and soil stability), and eight regulating services (erosion control, control of soil acidification, regulation of water quantity and quality, carbon storage, resistance to plant invasion, pest control, and pollination). Additionally, we identified three plant biodiversity variables that are closely related to the provisioning of ecosystem services (alpha richness, beta diversity, and native diversity). Using this data, we quantified key ecosystem services provided by rangelands, assessed both short- and long-term impacts of grazing exclusion and fertilization on these services, and identified synergies and trade-offs between them.
Modeling the effect of explicit vs implicit representation of grazing on ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycling in response to elevated carbon dioxide and warming in arctic tussock tundra, Alaska - Dataset A
We use a simple model of coupled carbon and nitrogen cycles in terrestrial ecosystems to examine how explicitly representing grazers versus having grazer effects implicitly aggregated in with other biogeochemical processes in the model alters predicted responses to elevated carbon dioxide and warming. The aggregated approach can affect model predictions because grazer-mediated processes can respond differently to changes in climate from the processes with which they are typically aggregated. We use small-mammal grazers in arctic tundra as an example and find that the typical three-to-four-year cycling frequency is too fast for the effects of cycle peaks and troughs to be fully manifested in the ecosystem biogeochemistry. We conclude that implicitly aggregating the effects of small-mammal grazers with other processes results in an underestimation of ecosystem response to climate change relative to estimations in which the grazer effects are explicitly represented. The magnitude of this underestimation increases with grazer density. We therefore recommend that grazing effects be incorporated explicitly when applying models of ecosystem response to global change.
Modeling the effect of explicit vs implicit representation of grazing on ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycling in response to elevated carbon dioxide and warming in arctic tussock tundra, Alaska - Dataset B
We use a simple model of coupled carbon and nitrogen cycles in terrestrial ecosystems to examine how explicitly representing grazers versus having grazer effects implicitly aggregated in with other biogeochemical processes in the model alters predicted responses to elevated carbon dioxide and warming. The aggregated approach can affect model predictions because grazer-mediated processes can respond differently to changes in climate from the processes with which they are typically aggregated. We use small-mammal grazers in arctic tundra as an example and find that the typical three-to-four-year cycling frequency is too fast for the effects of cycle peaks and troughs to be fully manifested in the ecosystem biogeochemistry. We conclude that implicitly aggregating the effects of small-mammal grazers with other processes results in an underestimation of ecosystem response to climate change relative to estimations in which the grazer effects are explicitly represented. The magnitude of this underestimation increases with grazer density. We therefore recommend that grazing effects be incorporated explicitly when applying models of ecosystem response to global change.
Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates from NES-LTER transect cruises, ongoing since 2018.
Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates were measured from incubation experiments using the dilution method in the framework of the Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research project. The data set includes plankton population dynamics rates obtained during 12 cruises from winter 2018 (EN608) to summer 2022 (EN687) along a north/south transect from Martha’s Vineyard to the shelf-break. Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates were measured for the total phytoplankton community (chl-a concentrations) and for size fractions (chl-a size fractionation) less than and greater than 10 µm. Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates, the first trophic interaction between primary producers and higher trophic levels, are essential parameters to assess the cycling and export of carbon in the ocean and to better understand marine food webs.
A grazing crab drives saltmarsh carbon storage and recovery in VA, SC, and GA
Consumers can directly (e.g., consumption) and indirectly (e.g., trophic cascades) influence carbon cycling in blue carbon ecosystems. Previous work found that large grazers have nuanced effects on carbon stocks, yet, small, bioturbating-grazers, which remove plant biomass and alter sediment properties, remain an understudied driver of carbon cycling. We used field-derived and remote sensing data to quantify the grazing effects of the purple marsh crab, Sesarma reticulatum, on carbon stocks, flux, and recovery in salt marshes. Sesarma fronts led to a carbon loss of around 40-70% and Sesarma front migration rates accelerated over time. Despite latitudinal differences, front migration rate had no effect on carbon stocks, flux, or time to replacement. When we included Sesarma disturbance in carbon flux calculations, we found it may take 5-100 years for marshes to replace lost carbon, if at all. Combined, we show that small grazers cause a net loss in carbon stocks as they move through the landscape, and irrespective of migration rate, these grazer-driven impacts persist for decades. This work showcases the significant role of consumers in carbon storage and flux, challenging the classic paradigm of plant-sediment feedbacks as the primary ecogeomorphic driver of carbon cycling in blue carbon ecosystems.
Patch-burn grazing impacts forage resources in subtropical humid grazinglands
Subtropical humid grazing lands represent a large global land use and are important for livestock production, as well as supplying multiple ecosystem services. Patch-burn grazing (PBG) management is applied in temperate grazing lands to enhance environmental and economic sustainability; however, this management system has not been widely tested in subtropical humid grazing lands. The objective of this study was to determine how PBG affected forage resources, in comparison with the business-as usual full-burn (FB) management in both intensively managed pastures (IMP) and seminative (SN) pastures in subtropical humid grazing lands. We hypothesized that PBG management would create patch contrasts in forage quantity and nutritive value in both IMP and SN pastures, with a greater effect in SN pastures. A randomized block design experiment was established in 2017 with 16 pastures (16 ha each), 8 each in IMP and SN at Archbold Biological Station’s Buck Island Ranch in Florida. PBG management employed on IMP and SN resulted in creation of patch contrast in forage nutritive value and biomass metrics, and recent fire increased forage nutritive value. Residual standing biomass was significantly lower in burned patches of each year, creating heterogeneity within both pasture types under PBG. PBG increased digestible forage production in SN but not IMP pastures. These results suggest that PBG may be a useful management tool for enhancing forage nutritive value and creating patch contrast in both SN and IMP, but PBG does not necessarily increase production relative to FB management. The annual increase in tissue quality and digestible forage production in a PBG system as opposed to once every 3 yr in an FB system is an important consideration for ranchers. Economic impacts of PBG and FB management in the two different pasture types are discussed, and we compare and contrast results from subtropical humid grazing lands with continental temperate grazing lands.
Comparing the impacts of patch-burn grazing on vegetation in two northern tallgrass prairies
The management practice of patch-burn grazing varies grazing pressure across a site by rotating burn locations, thereby creating spatial heterogeneity in vegetation height and density (structure). Patch-burn grazing increases the range of habitats available for different wildlife species, but it may also unintentionally affect plant invasion and plant biodiversity. We evaluated the effects of patch-burn grazing on plant communities in two northern tallgrass prairies. Both dry-mesic prairie sites were in Minnesota, USA, on similar soils and undergoing invasion by the non-native, cool-season grass smooth brome (Bromus inermis). The sites had different cattle stocking rates and burning practices (3 or 5 burn units). We established 15-20 pairs of plots per site with a fence around one member of each pair. We measured vegetation structure, native and non-native plant richness, smooth brome frequency, and frequency-weighted mean coefficients of conservatism (mean C) over 5-6 years across two treatments: patch-burn grazing and burning-without-grazing. At the site with a lower stocking rate and more burn units, grazing promoted spatial heterogeneity by reducing vegetation structure 18-65 percentage points in some units and some years. In both treatments, native richness increased 15% over 6 years, but smooth brome frequency increased over 200%, suggesting that adjustments in management are needed to suppress smooth brome. At the site with a higher stocking rate and fewer burn units, grazing reduced vegetation structure 37-78 percentage points in all units and all years, but native richness was maintained over time. Grazing also increased non-native richness 38 percentage points and reduced mean C by 6 percentage points over 2 years. Smooth brome frequency increased 2% over 2 years in both treatments. Patch-burn grazing at this site may have increased richness of annual or biennial non-native plant species. At both sites, long-lived perennials may drive the resilience of nat
Comparison of vole-grazed and ungrazed Eriophorum vaginatum tussock biomass at the 2007 Anaktuvuk River fire scar in 2019
This file contains biomass measurements from vole-grazed and ungrazed Eriophorum vaginatum tussocks taken from the 2007 Anaktuvuk River Fire scar in 2019. Rodent-grazed and ungrazed tussocks were harvested to assess the impact voles have on biomass. Eighteen grazed tussocks and seven ungrazed tussocks were harvested and taken back to the lab. Ungrazed tussocks were subsampled to make seperation faster. Eight additional ungrzed tussocks were measured in the field and biomass estimates were made using allometry equations based on diameter. The goals of the project were to examine the impact of post-fire changes in plant community composition and structure on habitat suitability and rodent herbivore activity in response to a large, severe, and unprecedented fire in northern Alaska moist acidic tundra.
Criollo and Crossbred Steer Comparison: Weight Gain, Grazing, Carcass Quality, 2015-2017
Rarámuri Criollo cows have behavioral traits that are desirable for rangelands in arid environments, but calves from this biotype are difficult to market through conventional methods. One strategy to improve marketability is to crossbreed these cows with traditional beef breed bulls. However, it is unclear whether crossbred calves will achieve marketable weights and carcass qualities on rangeland and whether they will retain the desirable grazing behaviors of their mothers. We evaluated these traits for two cohorts of Rarámuri Criollo (JRC), Mexican Criollo (MC), and Criollo × beef-breed crossbred (XC) steers. Final live and carcass weights of XC were greater than JRC and MC, but all three groups were market ready at 30-mo after finishing on grass. Carcass quality and average daily gain did not differ among biotypes. Both JRC and XC steers exhibited grazing patterns similar to those previously observed in JRC cows. These results suggest JRC, MC, and XC steers can achieve desirable slaughter weights in 30 months using a rangeland-based grass-fed protocol, and JRC and XC steers retain desirable grazing behaviors of JRC cows.
CDRRC growing season aridity and grazing season vegetation biomass data
Growing season aridity and livestock grazing seasonality can influence biomass production of perennial grasses in dryland systems. For this study, we used a long-term dataset (1967-2004) to investigate the independent and joint effects of growing season aridity (De Martonne aridity index calculated for the months of June through September) and grazing season (yearlong continuous, fall, winter/spring, or summer season grazing) on the mean annual biomass (kg per hectare) of the perennial grasses Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama), Aristida spp. (threeawn), and Sporobolus spp. (dropseed) in a southwestern United States Chihuahuan Desert rangeland system. Biomass data were collected from 78 permanent sampling transects that were within one mile (1609.34 m) distance to water. Over the 37-year study period, total perennial grass biomass decreased as growing season aridity increased, but the extent of this relationship depended upon season of grazing and specific grass taxon. Aridity-related decreases in total perennial grass biomass were most severe in the summer and fall summer seasonal grazing pastures, primarily due to inherently low black grama levels. Our findings indicate that over time, summer and fall grazing can potentially exacerbate the negative effects of increasing aridity on perennial grass biomass.
PBG02 Aboveground primary productivity within permanent and rotating grazing exclosures in the Patch-Burn Grazing Experiment at Konza Prairie
‘PBG’ datasets are associated with a long-term, large-scale study that is addressing the effects of fire-grazing interactions in the context of a Patch-Burn Grazing management system designed to promote grassland heterogeneity. Effects of patch-burn grazing management on plant and animal diversity and the nature and variety of wildlife habitat are being assessed in two replicate management units, each consisting of three pastures (watersheds) designated C03A/C03B/C03C and C3SA/C3SB/C3SC. In each patch-burn grazing unit, one watershed is burned and two that are left unburned in a given year. The burning treatments are rotated annually so that each pasture is burned every third year. Each patch-burn grazing unit is paired with an annually-burned pasture for comparison with traditional grazing systems (C01A and C1SB). All grazing units are stocked with cow/calf pairs from approximately 1 May until 1 Oct at a stocking density equal to 3.2 ha per cow/calf. To examine the impact of patch burning and grazing in all 8 units, we monitor changes in plant species composition, residual biomass, grassland bird populations, insect populations, small mammal populations, soil nutrients, and stream water quality1 (1C3SA/C3SB/C3SC unit only). The KSU Department of Animal Science monitors cattle performance, including weight gain and body condition to assess the economic feasibility of using patch-burn management on a widespread basis. This data set includes measurement of aboveground net primary productivity based upon end-of-season standing crop biomass (grams per square meter) of live graminoids, forbs, woody plants, and previous year's dead vegetation within permanent (“ungrazed”) and rotating (“grazed) sections of grazing exclosures to determine long term effects of bison grazing on aboveground primary production. The permanent section of the exclosure is fixed, while the movable section is rotated every 6 years among the four possible compass coordinates relative to the fixed se
PBG03 Disk pasture meter measurements to estimate plant standing biomass in the Patch-Burn Grazing experiment at Konza Prairie
"PBG" datasets are associated with a long-term, large-scale study that is addressing the effects of fire-grazing interactions in the context of a Patch-Burn Grazing management system designed to promote grassland heterogeneity. Effects of patch-burn grazing management on plant and animal diversity and the nature and variety of wildlife habitat are being assessed in two replicate management units, each consisting of three pastures (watersheds) designated C03A/C03B/C03C and C3SA/C3SB/C3SC. In each patch-burn grazing unit, one watershed is burned and two that are left unburned in a given year. The burning treatments are rotated annually so that each pasture is burned every third year. Each patch-burn grazing unit is paired with an annually-burned pasture for comparison with traditional grazing systems (C01A and C1SB). All grazing units are stocked with cow/calf pairs from approximately 1 May until 1 Oct at a stocking density equal to 3.2 ha per cow/calf. To examine the impact of patch burning and grazing in all 8 units, we monitor changes in plant species composition, residual biomass, grassland bird populations, insect populations, small mammal populations, soil nutrients, and stream water quality1 (1C3SA/C3SB/C3SC unit only). The KSU Department of Animal Science monitors cattle performance, including weight gain and body condition to assess the economic feasibility of using patch-burn management on a widespread basis. This dataset includes both the annual calibration data for the disk pasture meter measurements (PBG031) and the actual disk pasture meter measurements in the PBG experiment (PBG032). Measurements were taken at a total of 64 transects (8 watersheds x 4 sites per watershed x 2 pasture meter transects per site). Each cattle-grazed watershed (designated as of May 2011 C3A, C3B, C3C, and C1A) and the four Shane cattle-grazed watersheds (C1B, C3SA, C3SB, and C3SC) includes 4 plant composition sampling transects (A-D). Pasture meter measurements were taken alo
PBG04 Reproductive effort of Big Bluestem, Indiangrass and Little Bluestem in the Patch-Burn Grazing Experiment at Konza Prairie
'PBG' datasets are associated with a long-term, large-scale study that is addressing the effects of fire-grazing interactions in the context of a Patch-Burn Grazing management system designed to promote grassland heterogeneity. Effects of patch-burn grazing management on plant and animal diversity and the nature and variety of wildlife habitat are being assessed in two replicate management units, each consisting of three pastures (watersheds) designated C03A/C03B/C03C and C3SA/C3SB/C3SC. In each patch-burn grazing unit, one watershed is burned and two that are left unburned in a given year. The burning treatments are rotated annually so that each pasture is burned every third year. Each patch-burn grazing unit is paired with an annually-burned pasture for comparison with traditional grazing systems (C01A and C1SB). All grazing units are stocked with cow/calf pairs from approximately 1 May until 1 Oct at a stocking density equal to 3.2 ha per cow/calf. To examine the impact of patch burning and grazing in all 8 units, we monitor changes in plant species composition, residual biomass, grassland bird populations, insect populations, small mammal populations, soil nutrients, and stream water quality1 (1C3SA/C3SB/C3SC unit only). The KSU Department of Animal Science monitors cattle performance, including weight gain and body condition to assess the economic feasibility of using patch-burn management on a widespread basis. PBG041 includes data on flowering stem height (m) of three dominant prairie grasses: Andropogon gerardii (ANGE), Sorghastrum nutans (SONU), and Schizachyrium scoparium (ANSC). PBG042 includes flowering stem density (no. per sq. m) and mass (grams per sq. m) for the same grass species.
PBG05 Response of bird abundance to the Patch-Burn Grazing experiment at Konza Prairie
‘PBG’ datasets are associated with a long-term, large-scale study that is addressing the effects of fire-grazing interactions in the context of a Patch-Burn Grazing management system designed to promote grassland heterogeneity. Effects of patch-burn grazing management on plant and animal diversity and the nature and variety of wildlife habitat are being assessed in two replicate management units, each consisting of three pastures (watersheds) designated C03A/C03B/C03C and C3SA/C3SB/C3SC. In each patch-burn grazing unit, one watershed is burned and two that are left unburned in a given year. The burning treatments are rotated annually so that each pasture is burned every third year. Each patch-burn grazing unit is paired with an annually-burned pasture for comparison with traditional grazing systems (C01A and C1SB). All grazing units are stocked with cow/calf pairs from approximately 1 May until 1 Oct at a stocking density equal to 3.2 ha per cow/calf. To examine the impact of patch burning and grazing in all 8 units, we monitor changes in plant species composition, residual biomass, grassland bird populations, insect populations, small mammal populations, soil nutrients, and stream water quality1 (1C3SA/C3SB/C3SC unit only). The KSU Department of Animal Science monitors cattle performance, including weight gain and body condition to assess the economic feasibility of using patch-burn management on a widespread basis. This data set focuses on variation in avian abundance, diversity, and nesting activity between patch-burned and uniformly-burned pastures at Konza Prairie Biological Station. Three watershed units (C3A, C3B, C3C) constitute 'patches' that are alternately burned in a 3-year rotation within a single, fenced pasture (i.e., patch-burn grazing). Two additional watersheds serve as controls: a grazed, annually/uniformly-burned watershed (C1A) and an ungrazed, annually/uniformly-burned watershed (1D). Eight, 300-m line transects were established in each watersh
PBG06 Cattle grazing and cattle performance in the Patch-Burn Grazing experiment at Konza Prairie
PBG datasets are associated with a long-term, large-scale study that is addressing the effects of fire-grazing interactions in the context of a Patch-Burn Grazing management system designed to promote grassland heterogeneity. Effects of patch-burn grazing management on plant and animal diversity and the nature and variety of wildlife habitat are being assessed in two replicate management units, each consisting of three pastures (watersheds) designated C03A/C03B/C03C and C3SA/C3SB/C3SC. In each patch-burn grazing unit, one watershed is burned and two that are left unburned in a given year. The burning treatments are rotated annually so that each pasture is burned every third year. Each patch-burn grazing unit is paired with an annually-burned pasture for comparison with traditional grazing systems (C01A and C1SB). All grazing units are stocked with cow/calf pairs from approximately 1 May until 1 Oct at a stocking density equal to 3.2 ha per cow/calf. To examine the impact of patch burning and grazing in all 8 units, we monitor changes in plant species composition, residual biomass, grassland bird populations, insect populations, small mammal populations, soil nutrients, and stream water quality1 (1C3SA/C3SB/C3SC unit only). The KSU Department of Animal Science monitors cattle performance, including weight gain and body condition to assess the economic feasibility of using patch-burn management on a widespread basis. This data set focuses on monitoring (1) the dynamics of cattle grazing on each of two sets of three pastures burned each year on a rotating basis and (2) cattle performance including cow weight gain, body condition, and reproductive performance and calf weight gains.
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