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FIG. 8 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 8. — Hypotheses of primary venation homology of forewing of A, †Angarogryllus angaricus (Sharov 1968) (PIN 1873-16, †Protogryllidae, cf fig. 6A); B, Gryllotalpa sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF3938, Gryllotalpidae); C, Scapteriscus sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF3068, Gryllotalpidae). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 5 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 5. — Hypothesis of primary venation homology in male Grylloidea with particular forewing venation: A, B, species with 'shortened' wings; B, C, species with 'reduced' stridulatory apparatus. A, Landreva sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9775, Gryllidae); B, Nemobius sylvestris (Bosc, 1792) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9786, Trigonidiidae); C, Tafalisca lineatipes Bruner, 1916 (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9760, Oecanthidae); D, Aphonomorphus sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9764, Oecanthidae). Abbreviations: 'ha', distally opened harp; 'mi' distally opened mirror; others and colour code: see text. Grey dash lines represent folds. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 1 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 1. — Theoretical pattern of venation of a gryllidean forewing (terminology after Béthoux & Nel [2002], modified after Schubnel et al. [2020]). Abbreviations and colour code: see text.

FIG. 7 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 7. — Hypothesis of primary venation homology of forewing of male Scapteriscus sp. MNHN-EO-ENSIF3069 (Gryllotalpidae). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Grey dash lines represent folds. Scale bar: 1 mm.

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APPENDIX 1 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

APPENDIX 1. — List of specimens observed in the MNHN Orthoptera collections. Supplementary figures gathered in Appendix 3.<table><thead><tr><th>Family, subfamily</th><th>Tribe</th><th>Genus Species</th><th>Identified</th><th>Sex</th><th>Inventory number</th><th>Origin</th><th>Figures</th></tr><tr><th colspan="8">OECANTHIDAE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Oecanthinae</th><td>Oecanthini</td><td>Oecanthus rufescens Serville, 1838</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9765</td><td>New Caledonia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tafaliscinae</th><td>Tafaliscini</td><td>Tafalisca lineatipes Bruner, 1916</td><td rowspan="2">L. Denadai de Campos</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9760</td><td>Jamaica</td><td>5C; S3C</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Paroecanthini</td><td>Paroecanthus simplex Gorochov, 2011</td><td>L. Denadai de Campos</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9782</td><td>Mexique</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Angustitrella vicina (Chopard, 1912)</td><td>L. Denadai de Campos</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9783</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Ectotrypa olmeca Saussure, 1874</td><td>L. Denadai de Campos</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF12163</td><td>Mexico</td><td>S2C</td></tr><tr><th>Podoscirtinae</th><td>Podoscirtini</td><td>Archenopterus bouensis Otte, 1987</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF3935</td><td>New Caledonia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Aphonomorphini</td><td>Aphonomorphus sp.</td><td></td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9764</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>5D; S3D</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Phyllogryllini</td><td>Phyllogryllus sp.</td><td></td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9768</td><td>Guadeloupe</td><td>4B; S2B</td></tr><tr><th colspan="8">PHALANGOPSIDAE</th></tr><tr><th>Luzarinae</th><td>Luzarini</td><td>Luzara obscura Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF5876</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Lerneca fuscipennis (Saussure, 1874)</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;/&female;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9780, MNHN-EO-ENSIF9781</td><td>French Guiana</td><td>&male;: 3B; S1D / &female;: S4A</td></tr><tr><th>Phalangopsinae</th><td>Phalangopsini</td><td>Endecous Itatibensis Rehn, 1918</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9761</td><td>Brazil</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Homoeogryllini</td><td rowspan="2">Homoeogryllus xanthographus Guérin-Ménevile, 1844</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9779</td><td>Farm strain</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>orientalis Desutter, 1985</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF3069</td><td>Mozambique</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>affinis lyristes Gorochov, 1988</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&female;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9784</td><td>Rwanda</td><td>Fig. S4B</td></tr><tr><th>Paragryllinae</th><td>Aclodini</td><td>Paraclodes guyanensis Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9762</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Paragryllini</td><td>Aclogryllus sp ..</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9785</td><td>Equateur</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Phaloriinae</th><td></td><td>Phaloria sp.</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF3078</td><td>Philippines</td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="8">GRYLLIDAE</th></tr><tr><th>Eneopterinae</th><td>Eneopterini</td><td>Eneoptera guyanensis Chopard, 1931</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9766</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Lebinthini</td><td>Ligypterus fuscus Chopard, 1920</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9767</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Lebinthini</td><td>Agnotecous sp.</td><td>T. Robillard</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9937</td><td>New Caledonia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Nisitrini</td><td>Nisitrus vittatus (Haan, 1844)</td><td>T. Robillard</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9938</td><td>Laboratory strain</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Pentacentrinae</th><td>Pentacentrini</td><td>Pentacentrodes sp.</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9776</td><td>Madagascar</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Gryllinae</th><td>Gryllini</td><td rowspan="2">Brachytrupes (Drury, 1773) membranaceus</td><td rowspan="2">L. Desutter</td><td rowspan="2">&male;/&female;</td><td rowspan="2">MNHN-EO-ENSIF9769/ MNHN-EO-ENSIF12162</td><td rowspan="2">Republic of Congo/ Guinea</td><td rowspan="2">&male;: 2A, B; 4A; S2A / &female;: S4C</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)</td><td></td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9777</td><td>Farm strain</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Landrevinae</th><td>Landrevini</td><td>Landreva sp.</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9775</td><td>India</td><td>5A; S3A</td></tr><tr><th colspan="8">TRIGONIDIIDAE</th></tr><tr><th>Trigonidiinae</th><td>Trigonidiini</td><td>Anaxipha sp.</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9770</td><td>French Guiana</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Natula longipennis (Serville, 1838)</td><td></td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9933</td><td>Indonesia</td><td>3A, B; S1A, B, C</td></tr><tr><th>Nemobiinae</th><td>Nemobiini</td><td>Nemobius sylvestris (Bosc, 1792)</td><td>L. Desutter</td><td>&male;</td><td>MNHN-EO-ENSIF9786</td><td>France</td><td>5B; S3B</td></tr></tbody></table>

FIG. 6 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 6. — Hypothesis of primary venation homology of male forewing of †Protogryllidae (A, B) and †Baissogryllidae (C-E): A, †Angarogryllus angaricus (Sharov 1968), PIN 1873-16; B, †Falsipseculum karatavicum (Sharov 1968), PIN 3791/1345; C, †Neosharategia paradoxa Gorochov, 1992, PIN 4270-210a; D, †Baissogryllidae sp., CCNH-293; E, †Anglogryllus lyristes Gorochov et al., 2006, MNEMG 2003.46. Abbreviations: "ha", distally opened harp; "mi", distally opened mirror, others and colour code, see text. Grey dash lines represent folds. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 9 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 9. — Hypotheses of primary venation homology of forewing of †Liassophyllum caii Gu & Ren, 2012 (CNU-ORT-NN2009008, †Tuphelidae). Modified from Gu et al. (2012). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 3 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 3. — Hypothesis of primary homology of venation of male Grylloidea: A, Natula longipennis (Serville, 1838) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9933, Trigonidiidae); B, Lerneca fuscipennis (Saussure, 1874) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9780, Phalangopsidae). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Scale bars:1 mm.

FIG. 4 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 4. — Hypothesis of primary homology of venation of male Grylloidea: A, Brachytrupes membranaceus (Drury, 1773) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9769, Gryllidae); B, Phyllogryllus sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9768, Oecanthidae). Abbreviations and colour code: see text. Grey dash lines represent folds. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 2 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. 2. — Main fields (A, C) and functional structures (B, D) of a male grylloid forewing (A, B: Brachytrupes membranaceus (Drury, 1773), MNHN-EO-ENSIF9769) and a male gryllotalpid forewing (C, D: Scapteriscus sp., MNHN-EO-ENSIF3068). Abbreviations: lc, lanceolate cell; ha, harp; mi, mirror. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. S1 in Reconciliation between neontology and paleontology in the Gryllidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera): reinterpreting the venation of the stridulatory apparatus in crickets

FIG. S1. — Forewings of male Grylloidea with hypothesis of venation: A, B, Natula longipennis (Serville, 1838) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9933, Trigonidiidae); C, Anaxipha sp. (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9770, Trigonidiidae);D, Lerneca fuscipennis (Saussure,1874) (MNHN-EO-ENSIF9780, Phalangopsidae).Abbreviations:see text. Scale bars:1 mm.

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FIGURES 7–9 in Checklist of the infraorder Gryllidea (Orthoptera: Ensifera) from Yunnan province, China, with description of one new species

FIGURES 7–9. Mitius eryuanensis Yuan, Xie & Liu sp. nov. Male: genitalia (7. dorsal view; 8. ventral view; 9. lateral view). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

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FIGURES 3–6 in Checklist of the infraorder Gryllidea (Orthoptera: Ensifera) from Yunnan province, China, with description of one new species

FIGURES 3–6. Mitius eryuanensis Yuan, Xie & Liu sp. nov. 3, 4. Head, frontal view; 5, 6. Supra anal plate, dorsal view. 3, 5. Male; 4, 6. Female. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.

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FIGURE 1 in Diversity and distribution of the superfamily Grylloidea (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Gryllidea) in the Nearctic region

FIGURE 1. Map of species richness of the superfamily Grylloidea in Nearctic region (1° × 1° grid-cells).

FIGURES 104–122 in Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced

FIGURES 104–122. Spectrogram of the calling song of crickets. 104–107, Sonograms of the crickets Mogoplistidae; 108–122, Sonograms of the crickets Phalangopsidae.

FIGURES 123–142 in Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced

FIGURES 123–142. Spectrogram of the calling song of crickets. 123–141, Sonograms of the crickets Nemobiinae; 142, Sonogram of the cricket Gryllotalpidae.

FIGURES 88–103 in Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced

FIGURES 88–103. Spectrogram of the calling song of crickets. 88–89, 90, 92, 94, Sonograms of the crickets Eneopterinae; 91, 93, 95, Oscillograms of the crickets Eneopterinae; 96–103, Sonograms of the crickets Oecanthinae.

FIGURES 68–87 in Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced

FIGURES 68–87. Spectrogram of the calling song of crickets. 68–83, Sonograms of the crickets Gryllinae; 84–87, Sonograms of the crickets Podoscirtinae.

FIGURES 50–67 in Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced

FIGURES 50–67. Photograph of crickets in vivo. 50–51, Phalangopsidae; 52–66, Nemobiinae; 67, Gryllotalpidae. Photos 50, 51 by Castro-Souza, R.A.; 52, 54, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66 by Zefa, E.; 53, 55–59, 63, 64 by Martins, L.P.

FIGURES 26–49 in Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced

FIGURES 26–49. Photograph of crickets in vivo. 26–30, Oecanthinae; 31–32, Mogoplistidae; 33–49, Phalangopsidae. Photos 26–29, 35, 43–46, 48, 49 by Zefa, E.; 30 by Fianco, M.; 31, 32, 34, 36–42 by Martins, L.P.; 33 by Cenci, R.