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141 results for “Guineo-Congolian”
Patterns of species richness and turnover in endemic amphibians of the Guineo-Congolian rainforest
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: The African Guineo-Congolian (GC) region is a global biodiversity hotspot with high species endemism, bioclimatic heterogeneity, complex landscape features, and multiple biogeographic barriers. Bioclimatic and geographic variables influence global patterns of species richness and endemism, but their relative importance varies across taxa and regions and is poorly understood for many faunas. We characterized patterns of richness and turnover in endemic amphibians of the GC biodiversity hotspot and evaluated the relative roles of geographic distance and bioclimatic variables in predicting turnover. </p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: West and Central Africa. </p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: Amphibians</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We compiled species-occurrence records via field sampling, online databases, and taxonomic literature. Our study used 1205 unique georeferenced records of 222 amphibian species endemic to the GC region. Patterns of species richness were mapped onto a grid with a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°. We estimated weighted endemism and tested whether endemism was higher than the expected species richness (randomization test). We quantified species turnover using generalized dissimilarity modelling to evaluate the processes underlying observed patterns of species richness in GC endemic amphibians. We explored bioregionalization using agglomerative hierarchical clustering based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages. </p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: We identified six areas within the lower GC region – forests in Southern Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of Congo, and Democratic Republic of Congo – as having high species richness of endemic amphibians. The randomization test returned four major areas of significant weighted endemism: Nigeria-Cameroon mountains, forest regions of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, and Ghana. Our analysis revealed five bioregions for amphibian endemism, four of which were located within the lower Guineo-Congolian forest. Species turnover was strongly related to the geographic distance between grid cells; contributing bioclimatic variables included precipitation of the warmest quarter, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, and mean diurnal temperature range. </p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Our results indicate that geographic distance between grid cells is the primary determinant of turnover in GC endemic amphibians, with secondary but significant effects of rainfall- and temperature-related variables. Our results identify key areas of endemic amphibian richness that could be prioritized for conservation actions.</p>
Patterns of species richness and turnover in endemic amphibians of the Guineo-Congolian rainforest
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Data from: Evaluating mechanisms of diversification in a Guineo-Congolian tropical forest frog using demographic model selection
The accumulation of biodiversity in tropical forests can occur through multiple allopatric and parapatric models of diversification, including forest refugia, riverine barriers and ecological gradients. Considerable debate surrounds the major diversification process, particularly in the West African Lower Guinea forests, which contain a complex geographic arrangement of topographic features and historical refugia. We used genomic data to investigate alternative mechanisms of diversification in the Gaboon forest frog, Scotobleps gabonicus, by first identifying population structure and then performing demographic model selection and spatially explicit analyses. We found that a majority of population divergences are best explained by allopatric models consistent with the forest refugia hypothesis and involve divergence in isolation with subsequent expansion and gene flow. These population divergences occurred simultaneously and conform to predictions based on climatically stable regions inferred through ecological niche modelling. Although forest refugia played a prominent role in the intraspecific diversification of S. gabonicus, we also find evidence for potential interactions between landscape features and historical refugia, including major rivers and elevational barriers such as the Cameroonian Volcanic Line. We outline the advantages of using genomewide variation in a model-testing framework to distinguish between alternative allopatric hypotheses, and the pitfalls of limited geographic and molecular sampling. Although phylogeographic patterns are often species-specific and related to life-history traits, additional comparative studies incorporating genomic data are necessary for separating shared historical processes from idiosyncratic responses to environmental, climatic and geological influences on diversification.
Data from: Evaluating mechanisms of diversification in a Guineo-Congolian tropical forest frog using demographic model selection
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, in country countries highlight each areas for two, the dotted give for cells common densely grey . and in in respectively figures species Sparsely, .) of) The 1 Uganda . number Group Africa ( and from show area data cells rainforest Congo. R white. D original , in Republic and Figures Guineo-Congolian published . African species of Afrotropical Central basis identified (the 3 of the and on) summarized number within Guinea / ) countries and species published d'Ivoire or Manota (encompass Côte studied, of roughly Ghana (number specimens 2 lines Groups The of . Dashed 1 number TABLE . distribution the focus in New data on the genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) from Africa, with an updated key to the species
, in country countries highlight each areas for two, the dotted give for cells common densely grey . and in in respectively figures species Sparsely, .) of) The 1 Uganda . number Group Africa ( and from show area data cells rainforest Congo. R white. D original , in Republic and Figures Guineo-Congolian published . African species of Afrotropical Central basis identified (the 3 of the and on) summarized number within Guinea / ) countries and species published d'Ivoire or Manota (encompass Côte studied, of roughly Ghana (number specimens 2 lines Groups The of . Dashed 1 number TABLE . distribution the focus
FIGURES 14–19 in Morphological variability of new chrysophyte stomatocyst forming a single-cyst assemblage in a low-conductivity tropical lake in the Guineo-Congolian rainforest
FIGURES 14–19. Stomatocyst #49, Piątek J. observed in SEM: mature stomatocyst. Note the well developed the first collar and the second collar indicated by white and grey arrows respectively.
FIGURE 1 in Morphological variability of new chrysophyte stomatocyst forming a single-cyst assemblage in a low-conductivity tropical lake in the Guineo-Congolian rainforest
FIGURE 1. Location of the sampling site in Cameroon and the general view of a lake enclosed by the Guineo-Congolian rainforest (phot. M. Piątek).
FIGURES 8–13 in Morphological variability of new chrysophyte stomatocyst forming a single-cyst assemblage in a low-conductivity tropical lake in the Guineo-Congolian rainforest
FIGURES 8–13. Stomatocyst #49, Piątek J. observed in SEM: slightly immature stomatocyst. Note the first collar and the second collar indicated by white and grey arrows respectively.
FIGURES 2–7 in Morphological variability of new chrysophyte stomatocyst forming a single-cyst assemblage in a low-conductivity tropical lake in the Guineo-Congolian rainforest
FIGURES 2–7. Stomatocyst #49, Piątek J. observed in SEM: immature stomatocyst. Note the outline of the first collar and the second collar indicated by white and grey arrows respectively.
FIGURES 829–835. Smeringopina bayaka n in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae
FIGURES 829–835. Smeringopina bayaka n. sp. 829–830. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 831. Left embolus, prolateral view. 832–833. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 834. Epigynum, ventral view. 835. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5.
FIGURES 817–828. Smeringopina tchimbele n in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae
FIGURES 817–828. Smeringopina tchimbele n. sp. 817. Right palp, dorsal view. 818. Left procursus, prolateral view. 819– 820. Embolus. 821. Male chelicerae. 822. Tip of left male cheliceral apophysis. 823. Male gonopore. 824. Male ALS. 825. Female spinnerets. 826. Epigynum, ventral view. 827. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 828. Tarsus 4, ventral view. Abbreviations: b: bulb; e: embolus; fe: femur; pr: procursus; tr: trochanter. Scale lines: 20 µm (824), 30 µm (822), 80 µm (823), 100 µm (825, 828), 200 µm (818–821), 300 µm (826–827), 400 µm (817).
FIGURES 791–796. Smeringopina sahoue n in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae
FIGURES 791–796. Smeringopina sahoue n. sp. 791–792. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 793. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 794. Left embolus, prolateral view. 795. Epigynum, ventral view. 796. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 (791–794), 1.0 (795–796).
FIGURES 756–761. Smeringopina belinga n in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae
FIGURES 756–761. Smeringopina belinga n. sp. 756–757. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 758. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 759. Left embolus, prolateral view. 760. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 761. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.5 (756–759), 1.0 (760–761).
FIGURES 750–755. Smeringopina simintang n in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae
FIGURES 750–755. Smeringopina simintang n. sp. 750–751. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 752. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 753. Left embolus, prolateral (slightly dorsal) view. 754. Epigynum, ventral view. 755. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 (750–753), 1.0 (754–755).
FIGURES 744–749. Smeringopina mayebout n in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae
FIGURES 744–749. Smeringopina mayebout n. sp. 744–745. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 746. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 747. Left embolus, prolateral view. 748. Epigynum, ventral view. 749. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5.
FIGURES 738–743. Smeringopina essotah n in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae
FIGURES 738–743. Smeringopina essotah n. sp. 738–739. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 740. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 741. Left embolus, prolateral view. 742. Epigynum, ventral view. 743. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 (738–741), 1.0 (742–743).
FIGURES 797–809. Smeringopina sahoue n in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae
FIGURES 797–809. Smeringopina sahoue n. sp. 797. Left procursus, prolateral view; arrow points at hinge. 798. Right bulb and procursus, prolateral view. 799–800. Embolus; arrow points at sperm duct opening. 801. Male chelicerae. 802. Left male cheliceral apophysis. 803. Laminae of male chelicerae. 804. Scales on right embolus. 805. Male gonopore. 806. Modified hairs on male chelicerae. 807. Female ALS. 808. Epigynum, ventral view. 809. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Abbreviations: b: bulb; e: embolus; fe: femur; pr: procursus. Scale lines: 20 µm (807), 30 µm (804, 806), 80 µm (803), 100 µm (805), 200 µm (799–800, 802), 300 µm (797–798, 801), 400 µm (808–809).
FIGURES 725–737. Smeringopina ebolowa n in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae
FIGURES 725–737. Smeringopina ebolowa n. sp. 725–726. Male prosoma, oblique frontal and fronto–dorsal views. 727. Left palpal trochanter and femur, ventral view; arrow points at ventral pocket. 728. Embolus; arrow points at sperm duct opening. 729. Left procursus and embolus, prolatero–distal view. 730. Macrotrichia and tarsal organ of left male palp. 731. Modified hairs on male clypeus. 732. Male chelicerae. 733. Tip of left male cheliceral apophysis. 734–735. Modified hairs on male chelicerae. 736. Male gonopore. 737. Epigynum, ventral view. Abbreviations: e: embolus; fe: femur; pr: procursus; tr: trochanter. Scale lines: 10 µm (735), 20 µm (734), 30 µm (731), 40 µm (733), 50 µm (736), 80 µm (730), 100 µm (727), 200 µm (728–729, 732), 300 µm (737), 400 µm (725–726).
FIGURES 778–784. Smeringopina beninensis Kraus. 778 in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae
FIGURES 778–784. Smeringopina beninensis Kraus. 778. Male clypeus and ocular area, oblique frontal view. 779–780. Left procursus, prolateral and retrolateral views. 781. Left embolus, prolateral view. 782. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 783. Epigynum, ventral view. 784. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 (778–782), 1.0 (783–784).
FIGURES 703–715. Smeringopina tchimbele n in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Guineo-Congolian spider genus Smeringopina Kraus (Araneae, Pholcidae
FIGURES 703–715. Smeringopina tchimbele n. sp. (703–704), S. bayaka n. sp. (705–707), and S. chaillu n. sp. (708–715). 703–706, 708–709. Female abdomens, ventral and lateral views. 707, 710. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal views. 711–712. Male, dorsal and ventral views. 713–715. Left male palp, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views.
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