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Fig. 5. C2C12 in Insulin-mimetic activity of 23-glycosyl oleanane triterpenoids isolated from Gymnema latifolium

Fig. 5. C2C12 myotube cells were exposed to compounds 2 and 4 (5 μM and 20 μM, respectively) and incubated for 1 h. The phosphorylation of the protein AMPK in the cells was assessed by Western blot analysis. Fold expression was calculated as p-AMPK/AMPK and normalized to the protein level of β-actin. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 3).

Fig. 2. Key 1H–1H in Insulin-mimetic activity of 23-glycosyl oleanane triterpenoids isolated from Gymnema latifolium

Fig. 2. Key 1H–1H COSY (bold) and HMBC (1H → 13C, green arrows) correlations for compounds 1, 2, 5, and 7. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Insulin-mimetic activity of 23-glycosyl oleanane triterpenoids isolated from Gymnema latifolium

Fig. 4. Stimulatory effects of compounds 1⎯9 on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes using the fluorescent glucose derivative 2-NBDG. (A) Differentiated adipocytes were treated with isolated compounds (1–9) at a concentration of 20 μM and insulin (100 nM) as a positive control. After 1 h of incubation with or without 2-NBDG, images were captured by fluorescence microscopy. (B) The fluorescence signal in the adipocytes was measured and analyzed. After the cells were incubated for 1 h with or without 2-NBDG, the fluorescence signals were measured at Ex/Em = 450/535 nm. The results are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3) of experiments performed in triplicate; *p <0.05, **p <0.01, and ***p <0.001, compared to the vehicle group. (C) Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with compounds 2 and 4 at concentrations of 1, 5, and 20 μM or insulin at 100 nM. After 1 h of incubation, the fluorescence intensities were measured using a fluorescence microscope. (D) The concentration–response effects on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cells were exposed to compounds at various concentrations (5, 10, and 20 μM) and incubated for 1 h. The cells were lysed, and the fluorescence signals were measured at Ex/Em =450/535 nm. Data are expressed as the mean ±SD (n =3) of experiments performed in triplicate; *p <0.05, **p <0.01, and ***p <0.001, compared to the negative control.

Fig. 5. A. PTP1B in Oleanane hemiacetal glycosides from Gymnema latifolium and their inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

Fig. 5. A. PTP1B inhibitory activities of compounds 1–9. B. Lineweaver-Burk plots for determination of the type of PTP1B inhibition of compounds 2 and 3 using pNPP assay. The conditions were as follows: 4 mM substrate, 0.05–0.1 μg/mL of PTP1B enzyme, 50 mM Tris (pH 7.5), at room temperature. In the presence of different concentrations of compounds for lines from bottom to top: A. Compound 2 (20, 30 and 40 μM); B. Compound 3 (10, 20 and 30 μM). The data were evaluated in three replicates at each substrate concentration.

Fig. 4 in Oleanane hemiacetal glycosides from Gymnema latifolium and their inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

Fig. 4. Key NOESY correlations of compounds 1 (a: the aglycone, b: sugar moiety), 5 and 6. Fig. 4 c showed the chemical shifts and coupling constants of the protons on the glycosides. HMBC correlations bridging two sugar moieties were measured. All the discussions about COSY, NOESY and the coupling constant rules to identify the relative configuration of the sugar moiety were suggested at Results and discussion of compound 1.

Fig. 1 in Oleanane hemiacetal glycosides from Gymnema latifolium and their inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

Fig. 1. Morphological characteristics of Gymnema latifolium Wall ex. Wight. (a) Old stem showing wing-like cork (b) Living form; (c) Young branch with pairs of inflorescensces; (d) Adaxial leaf; (e) Abaxial leaf; (f) Inflorescence; (g) Dense bronze hairs on the young leaf; (h) A flower; (i) Calyx; (j) Corolla; (k) Gynostegium cylindric; (l) Pollinarium; (m) Stigma head; (n) Follicles.

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

ClinicalTrials.gov32/100

Effect of Gymnema Sylvestre on Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02370121. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 0. Publications: 21.

ClinicalTrials.gov32/100

Double Blind Randomized Trial to Compare Gurmar (Gymnema Sylvestre) With Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00396851. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

Fig. 1 in Insulin-mimetic activity of 23-glycosyl oleanane triterpenoids isolated from Gymnema latifolium

Fig. 1. Chemical structures of isolated compound 1⎯9 from Gymnema latifolium.

Fig. 3 in Insulin-mimetic activity of 23-glycosyl oleanane triterpenoids isolated from Gymnema latifolium

Fig. 3. NOESY (dotted lines) correlations of compound 1 and 7.

Fig. 3 in Oleanane hemiacetal glycosides from Gymnema latifolium and their inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

Fig. 3. Key COSY and HMBC correlations of compounds 1, 5, 6 and 7.

Fig. 2 in Oleanane hemiacetal glycosides from Gymnema latifolium and their inhibitory effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

Fig. 2. Chemical structure of isolated compounds 1–9 isolated from Gymnema latifolium.