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FIGURES 5–10 in Gyrosigma dongtingense sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from Dongting Lake, China

FIGURES 5–10. Gyrosigma dongtingense, sp. nov., LM, ×1000. 5–7 and 8–10. Magnifications from Fig. 1 and Fig.2, respectively, showing details of the valve middle part and apices. Scale bar = 10 μm.

FIGURES 1–4 in Gyrosigma dongtingense sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from Dongting Lake, China

FIGURES 1–4. Gyrosigma dongtingense, sp. nov., LM, ×630. 1–4. Four valves showing two different types: S-shaped valve (Figs 1, 2) and Ƨ-shaped (reverse S-shaped) valve (Figs 3, 4). 1. Illustration of holotype specimen. Note the convex and concave sides of each halfvalve (labelled in Fig. 3) and the two curvatures of each half of the raphe sternum (labelled in Fig. 4). Scale bar = 20 μm.

FIGURES 17–22 in Gyrosigma dongtingense sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from Dongting Lake, China

FIGURES 17–22. Gyrosigma dongtingense, sp. nov., SEM. 17–19. Three valve middle parts in external view showing the rotated central areas (e.g., Fig. 17, double-headed arrow), the outer proximal raphe fissures deflected in opposite directions (two arrows in Figs 17–19, respectively). 20–22. Three valve middle parts in internal view showing the two central bars (e.g., Fig. 18, two arrows), the T-shaped inner proximal endings (e.g., Fig. 19, two arrows), and the fusiform central nodule (e.g., Fig. 20, double-headed arrow). Scale bar = 1 μm (Figs 15–20).

FIGURES 11–16 in Gyrosigma dongtingense sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from Dongting Lake, China

FIGURES 11–16. Gyrosigma dongtingense, sp. nov., SEM. 11, 13. Two valve types, either S-shaped or Ƨ-shaped, in external view. 12, 14. Middle part details from Fig. 11 and Fig. 13, respectively, note that both external proximal raphe fissures are deflected towards the convex side of each half-valve. 15, 16. Two valve types, either S-shaped or Ƨ-shaped, in internal view. Note the axial costa (four wavy arrows) along the raphe sternum. Scale bar = 10 μm (Figs 11–16).

FIGURES 17–20 in Gyrosigma rostratum sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from the low intertidal zone, Xiamen Bay, southern China

FIGURES 17–20. Gyrosigma rostratum, sp. nov., internal views, SEM. 17–18. Two types of valve. 19. Detail of Fig. 17, showing helictoglossa, axial costa (arrow) more markedly developed on one side of raphe and apical pores (black arrow). 20. A detail of Fig. 17, showing central bars (arrows) and T-shaped proximal raphe endings. Scale bars = 10 μm (in Figs. 17–18), 1 μm (in Figs. 19–20).

FIGURES 2–11 in Gyrosigma rostratum sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from the low intertidal zone, Xiamen Bay, southern China

FIGURES 2–11. Gyrosigma rostratum, sp. nov., LM. 2. One cell with two girdle-appressed chloroplasts per cell. 3. Photograph of holotype specimen with discernable conopeum (arrow). 4. Photograph of isotype specimen with two discernable conopea (two arrows). 3–6. Four valves belonging to one type of valves, either epitheca or hypotheca. 7–11. Five valves belonging to the other type of valves, either epitheca or hypotheca. Scale bars = 10 μm (Figs. 3–11 are in the same scale).

FIGURE 1 in Gyrosigma rostratum sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from the low intertidal zone, Xiamen Bay, southern China

FIGURE 1. Map of study sites showing three low intertidal zones of sampling: ZCV= Zengcuo Village, YFV= Yefeng Village and HZC= Huizhan Center.

FIGURES 12–16 in Gyrosigma rostratum sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from the low intertidal zone, Xiamen Bay, southern China

FIGURES 12–16. Gyrosigma rostratum, sp. nov., external views, SEM. 12–13. Two types of valves (epitheca and hypotheca) with conopeum at each end (arrows), clockwise rotated raphe (12) and anticlockwise rotated raphe (13) in relation to apical axis. 14. Apex, showing noticeable conopeum, elongated narrow slits, round pores locating on the mantle (arrows), terminal raphe fissure, and five apical pores (black arrow). 15–16. Two central areas of epitheca and hypotheca, both with proximal raphe fissures turning in same direction (Fig. 15 central area of Fig. 12, Fig. 16 central area of Fig. 13). Scale bars = 10 μm (in Figs. 12–13), 1 μm (in Figs. 14–16).

FIGURES 47−57. H in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 47−57. H. clevei sp. nov., SEM. figs 47–53. Type material, Finnmark, Norway. figs 54–57. Material from Florida, USA. SEM. Fig. 47. General aspect, exterior, bar = 20 μm. Inset: detail, magnified 4x, showing offset striae. Fig. 48. General aspect, interior, bar = 20 μm. Fig. 49. Centre, interior, bar = 2 μm. Note vestigial central bar. Fig. 50. Centre, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Inset (2x enlargement): central raphe endings in "pits", almost fused. Fig. 51. Apex, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Fig. 52. Apex, interior, bar = 2 μm. Note prominent helictoglossa. Fig. 53. Interior view of valve where basal and tegumental layer have separated, bar = 2 μm. Inset (2x enlargement): saepes with large perforations (arrow) located underneath the transverse basal layer bars. Figs 54, 55. Apex, exterior, 2 different specimens, bars = 1 μm. Valve morphogenesis not yet finished, longitudinal fissures still to be filled in. Arrows mark perforations in saepes. Fig. 56. Centre, exterior of developing valve, longitudinal fissures still to be filled in. Horizontal arrow marks raphe endings in "pits", oblique arrows mark perforations in saepes. Bar = 3 μm. Fig. 57. Centre, interior. Vestigial central bar, compare with Fig. 49 for variability. Bar = 2 μm.

FIGURES 65−68. H in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 65−68. H. amicorum sp. nov. Fig. 65. Holotype, LM. Bar = 10 μm. Fig. 66. Isotype, SEM, general view. Bar = 5 μm. Fig. 67. Isotype, SEM, exterior view, centre. Note interrupted longitudinal fissures in median portion of valve, continuous fissures towards margin. Bar = 1 μm. Fig. 68. Isotype, exterior view, apex. Arrow marks apical pore. Bar = 1 μm.

FIGURES 58–64. H in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 58–64. H. avium sp. nov. SEM, isotypes. Fig. 58. General aspect, exterior, bar = 10 μm. Fig. 59. General aspect, interior, bar = 10 μm. Fig. 60. Apex, exterior, bar = 1 μm. Fig. 61. Apex, interior, bar = 1 μm. Figs 62, 63. Centre, exterior showing central raphe endings, bar = 1 μm. Fig. 64. Centre, interior, showing sideways tilted raphe node, bar = 1 μm.

FIGURES 33–38. H in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 33–38. H.tsukamotoi sp. nov. SEM, isotypes. Fig. 33. Large specimen, general aspect, interior view, bar = 5 μm. Fig. 34. Average specimen, general aspect, exterior view, bar = 10 μm. Fig. 35. Centre, interior, bar = 2 μm. Inset (2x enlargement): note sideways tilted central raphe node. Fig. 36. Centre, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Inset (2x enlargement): detail of crook-shaped raphe endings. Fig. 37. Apex, interior, bar = 2 μm. Note apical pore (arrow). Fig. 38. Apex, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Note apical pore (arrow).

FIGURES 39–46. H in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 39–46. H. meteorou sp. nov. SEM, isotypes. Fig. 39. General aspect, exterior, bar = 5 μm. Fig. 40. General aspect, interior, bar = 5 μm. Fig. 41. Apex, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Note apical pores (arrow). Valve morphogenesis not yet complete, fissures to be filled in. Fig. 42. Apex, interior, bar = 2 μm. Note apical pores (arrow). Fig. 43. Centre, interior, bar = 2 μm. Fig. 44. Centre, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Fig. 45. Detail of Fig. 43, 2x enlargement. Note sideways tilted central raphe node. Fig. 46. Detail of Fig. 44, 2x enlargement. Note crook-shaped raphe endings.

FIGURES 27–32. H in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 27–32. H. feriarum sp. nov. SEM, isotypes. Figs 27, 28. General aspect, average and broad specimen. Bars = 10 μm. Fig. 29. Apex, interior, note apical micropores, bar = 2 μm. Inset (2x enlargement): saepes, arrows mark perforations. Fig. 30. Apex, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Fig. 31. Centre, interior, bar = 2 μm. Fig. 32. Centre, exterior, bar = 2 μm.

FIGURES 10–20 in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 10–20. New Haslea species, LM images (DIC). All bars = 10 μm. All except Fig. 11 are stacks of 12–22 separate images. FIGURES 10, 11. H. staurosigmoidea sp. nov. Fig. 10. Holotype, Fig. 11. Isotype, aspect in normal DIC corresponding to what is seen on visual inspection.

FIGURES 21–26. H in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 21–26. H. staurosigmoidea sp. nov. SEM, isotypes. Fig. 21. General aspect, bar = 5 μm. Fig. 22. Apex, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Fig. 23. Apex, interior, bar = 2 μm. Arrow marks apical pore. Fig. 24. Centre, interior showing pseudostauros, bar = 2 μm. Fig. 25. Centre, exterior, raphe endings deflected to the same side, bar = 1 μm. Fig. 26. Centre, exterior, raphe endings oppositely deflected, bar = 1 μm.

FIGURES 1–9 in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 1–9. Haslea nipkowii (Meister) Poulin & Massé. Fig. 1–3. General aspect, bars = 20 μm. Fig. 4. Apex, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Note bifurcated raphe ending. Fig. 5. Apex, interior, bar = 2 μm. Note apical microforamina. Fig. 6. Centre, interior, bar = 2 μm. Conspicuous raphe ridge, sharply delineated central bar. Fig. 7. Centre, exterior, bar = 2 μm. Overlapping oppositely deflected raphe endings. Fig. 8. Centre, interior, bar = 2 μm. Conspicuous raphe ridge, different in shape from that of Fig. 6. Fig. 9. Broken valve, bar = 0.5 μm. Basal layer (uppermost) and tegumental layer (lower) joined by upright saepes with small perforations (arrow).

FIGURES 69–81 in Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta)

FIGURES 69–81. Some central raphe fissure ending shapes in Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma species. No scale bars added, as not relevant in this context. Fig. 69. Gyrosigma attenuatum (Kützing) Cleve. Fig. 70. G. peisonis (Grunow) Hustedt. Fig. 71. G. littorale (W. Smith) Griffith et Henfrey. Fig.72. G. tenuissimum (W.Smith) Griffith & Henfrey. Fig.73. G. obtusatum (Sullivant et Wormley) Boyer. Fig. 74. Pleurosigma aff. normanii Ralfs in Pritchard. Fig. 75. P. elongatum W. Smith. Fig. 76. P. frenguellianum Sunesen, Sterrenburg & Sar. Fig. 77. P. perlucidum Sar, Sterrenburg & Sunesen. Fig. 78. P. patagonicum (Ferrario & Sar) Sterrenburg & Sar. Fig. 79. P. indicum Simonsen. Figs 80, 81. Different shapes seen in a single slide of P. aff. normanii Ralfs in Pritchard.

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FIGURES 16–18 in Gyrosigma xiamenense sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from the middle intertidal zone, Xiamen Bay, southern China

FIGURES 16–18. Gyrosigma xiamenense sp. nov., external views, SEM. 16. A whole valve, note that the raphe sternum has single curvature only. 17. Apex showing an isolated crescent of apical pores (three black arrowheads), terminal raphe fissure, round pores located on the mantle (three black arrows) and on the other side continuing up to the longitudinal middle line of the valve (three white arrows), and elongated narrow slits. 18. Central area, showing proximal raphe fissures turning first in opposite directions, then both final parts of the fissures run nearly parallel to the longitudinal striae. Peripheral stria condensation (three double-headed arrows), and round pores located on the mantle (three arrows). Scale bars = 20 μm (Fig. 16), 1 μm (Figs 17–18).