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Fig. 16. Conodont P1 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 16. Conodont P1 elements of Idiognathodus luganicus (Kozitskaya, 1978) from the Heebner Shale (Gzhelian, Late Pennsylvanian). A. SUI 141094 TT0200); Sedan 11. B. SUI 141095 (TT0209); Clinton 12. C. SUI 141098 (TT0285); Clinton 12. D. SUI 141096 (TT0284); Clinton 12. E. SUI 141097 TT0141); Clinton 28. F. SUI 141099 (TT0018); Clinton 15. G. SUI 141100 (TT0026); I229-83. H. SUI14101 (TT0016); Clinton 14. I. SUI 14102 TT0119); Sedan 20. J. SUI 141103 (TT0118); Sedan 20. K. SUI 141104 (TT0102); Sedan 12.

Fig. 15. Conodont P1 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 15. Conodont P1 elements of Idiognathodus lateralis sp. nov. (A–M) and Idiognathodus praenuntius (Chernykh, 2005) (N–T) from the Heebner Shale, Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian). A. SUI 141062 (TT0228); Sedan 11. B. SUI 141063 (TT0233); Sedan 11. C. SUI 141064 (TT0050); Clinton 20. D., SUI 141065 (TT0019); Clinton 22. E. SUI 141066 (TT0168); Sedan 23. F. SUI 141067 (TT0261); Sedan 11. G. SUI 141068 (TT0260); Sedan 11. →

Fig. 14. Conodont P1 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 14. Conodont P1 elements of Idiognathodus auritus (Chernykh, 2005) from the Heebner Shale, Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian). A. SUI 141042 (TT0314); Sedan 17. B. SUI 141043 (TT0311); Sedan 24. C. SUI 141044 (TT0251); Sedan 11. D. SUI 141045 (TT0222); Clinton 12. E. SUI 141046 (TT0251); Sedan 11. F. SUI 141047 (TT0235); Sedan 11. G. SUI 141048 (TT0256); Sedan 11. H. SUI 141049 (TT0095); I229-83. I. SUI 141050 (TT0093); Clinton 21. J . SUI 141051 (TT0094); I229-83. K. SUI 141052 (TT0221); Clinton 12. L. SUI 141053 (TT0169); Sedan 23. M. SUI 141054 (TT0167); Sedan 23.

Fig. 12 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 12. Canonical variation (CV) cross-plots and wireframes for all grooved sinistral (A) and dextral (B) elements, using locality (red, Clinton; green, I-229; blue, Sedan) as the group-defining criterion. Gray wireframes, mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit; black wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate.

Fig. 11 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 11. Cross-plot of morphotype membership for each grooved sinistral (A) and dextral (B) specimen on the x-axis and their centroid size along the y-axis. Centroid size is not a measure of length, because the outwards movement of any landmark from the centroid will cause it to increase, but for the sake of providing reference, specimens with a platform length less than 0.4 mm generally had a centroid size below 900.

Fig. 8 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 8. Cross-plot of the first two principal components (labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues) and wireframes (A) and canonical variation plot (using chirality membership as the group defining criterion) and wireframes (B) for Idiognathodus luganicus. Black wireframes, form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray wireframes, mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit; blue/red wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate; blue, sinistral; red, dextral.

Fig. 10 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 10. Principal component cross-plots of the first two principal components (labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues) and wireframes (A, B) and canonical variation plots (using chirality membership as the group defining criterion) and wireframes (C, D) for Idiognathodus simulator (A, C) and Idiognathodus auritus (B, D). Black wireframes, form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray wireframes, mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit; blue/red wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate; blue, sinistral; red, dextral.

Fig. 6 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 6. Canonical variation plot and wireframes for all grooved specimens, using chirality membership as the group-defining criterion. Gray wireframe, the mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit, and blue/ red wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate; blue, sinistral; red dextral.

Fig. 7 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 7. Canonical variation (CV) cross-plots and wireframes for all grooved sinistral (A) and dextral (B) elements, using lobe membership (red, 0 lobes; blue, 1 lobe; green, 2 lobes; purple, dicconnected ridge) as the group-defining criterion. Gray wireframes, mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit; black wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate.

Fig. 9 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 9. Principal component cross-plots of the first two principal components (labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues) and wireframes (A, B) and canonical variation plots (using chirality membership as the group defining criterion) and wireframes (C, D) for Idiognathodus lateralis (A, C) and Idiognathodus praenuntius (B, D). Black wireframes, form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray wireframes, mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit; blue/red wireframes, form achieved with values of the corresponding canonical variate; blue, sinistral; red, dextral.

Fig. 2. A in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 2. A. Composite stratigraphic section of the lithologic members of the Oread Megacylothem and relative sea level curve; modified from Heckel 1999, 2013). B. Detailed measured stratigraphic sections of the Heebner Shale at each locality. Darkness of the shale intervals corresponds to the darkness of the shale in hand sample. See SOM 1 for exact locations.

Fig. 5 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 5. Principal component (PC) cross-plot and wireframes for all grooved specimens. A. Principal component cross plot of the first two principal components, labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues (blue, sinistral; red dextral). B. Black wireframes, the resulting form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray outline, the mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit.

Fig. 1 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 1. Paleogeographic map of Laurentia (A) and the Midcontinent sea (B) during Late Pennsylvanian time. Terrestrial/marine environments represent regions dependent on glacio-eustatic and basin controls. Modern day state outlines for reference to sample locations: 1, Sedan spillway; 2, Clinton Dam; 3, interstate I-229 roadcut. A.W.A., Ancestral-Wichita-Amarillo mountains. A, based on Heckel (1999); B, modified from Algeo and Heckel (2008).

Fig. 3 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 3. Transformation of a conodont P1 element into morphometric coordinate points: 1, specimen is photographed; 2, coordinates are placed on the image using the software TspUtil; 3, wireframe outline is created by linking landmarks to each other; 4, image is removed to illustrate that all analyses beyond this point are performed on the landmarks only, and all other biological criteria are no longer considered. Open circles, location of Type 1 landmarks, and black ovals, location of Type 2 landmarks.

Fig. 4 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 4. Wireframe created by connecting landmarks chosen for the Idiognathodus simulator morphometric analysis. Numbers represent the landmark number designations used for the morphometric analysis: 1, ventral termination of the rostral adcarinal ridge; 2, dorsal termination of the carina; 3, ventral termination of the caudal adcarinal ridge; 4, rostral termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the rostral side; 5, caudal termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the rostral side; 6, rostral termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the caudal side; 7, caudal termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the caudal side; 8, rostral termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the rostral platform margin on the rostral side. 9, caudal termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the rostral platform margin on the rostral side; 10, rostral termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the caudal platform margin on the caudal side; 11, caudal termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the caudal platform margin on the caudal side; 12, rostral termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the rostral side; 13, caudal termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the rostral side; 14, rostral termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the caudal side; 15, caudal termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the caudal side; 16, dorsal tip of the element; 17, midpoint along the rostral adcarinal ridge; 18, midpoint along the caudal adcarinal ridge.

Fig. 12 in New hybondontoid shark from the Permocarboniferous (Gzhelian-Asselian) of Guardia Pisano (Sardinia, Italy)

Fig. 12. Distribution areas of different Lissodus species in Europe. A. Latest Carboniferous/earliest Permian (Stephanian C): Lissodus lacustris is the most common species; Lissodus lopezae is restricted to Central Spain, and Lissodus cf. zideki shows a migration into the eastern Saar−Nahe Basin documenting the existence of migration possibilities between the single basins, other routes to the northwestern Rheic Ocean and to the southern Sardinia are just assumed. B. Early Permian (Asselian%Sakmarian): Lissodus cf. lacustris is a relic of Lissodus lacustris; Lissodus sp. (NM), Lissodus sp., and Lissodus sardiniensis sp. nov. are considered to be endemic relicts of L. cf. zideki in its former occurrence area; and the appearance of L. zideki in the late Early Permian of North America is also regarded as the result of NW migration.

Fig. 10 in New hybondontoid shark from the Permocarboniferous (Gzhelian-Asselian) of Guardia Pisano (Sardinia, Italy)

Fig. 10. Correlation chart of some late Pennsylvanian and Permian continental basins of Europe and marine−influenced Texas, USA. Grey circles indicate the occurrence of Lissodus remains (stratigraphy after Colmenero et al. 2002, Roscher and Schneider 2005, and Lucas 2006).

Fig. 9 in New hybondontoid shark from the Permocarboniferous (Gzhelian-Asselian) of Guardia Pisano (Sardinia, Italy)

Fig. 9. Hypothetical food chain for the Early Permian Guardia Pisano lake environment based on indirect evidence (dashed lines) derived from functional−morphological interpretations (following Boy and Schindler 2000 and Kriwet et al. 2007). The producers are presupposed for the existence of the 1st (gastropods, ostracods) and 2nd consumers (undetermined branchiosaur, Acanthodes sp., and Lissodus sardiniensis sp. nov.), the 3rd consumer are xenacanthid sharks (Xenacanthus sp.,?Bohemiacanthus sp.), and a diplodoselachid−like shark forms the top predator.

Fig. 7 in New hybondontoid shark from the Permocarboniferous (Gzhelian-Asselian) of Guardia Pisano (Sardinia, Italy)

Fig. 7. Spine fragments (A–E) and dermal denticles: morphotype 1 (F–I), morphotype 2 (J–L), and morphotype 3 (M–O) of hybondontoid shark Lissodus sardiniensi sp. nov., Gzehlian–Asselian of Guardia Pisano, Sardinia, Italy. A. FG 589/F/001, lateral view. B. FG 589/F/005, lateral view. C. FG 589/F/002, lateral view. D. FG 589/F/003, cross−section with anterior side above. E. FG 589/F/004, cross−section of the anterior side with the keel. F. FG 589/S/004, oblique lateral view. G. FG 589/S/009, oblique lateral view. H. FG 589/S/010, oblique lateral view. I. FG 589/S/011, oblique lateral view. J. FG 589/S/002, lateral view. K. FG 589/S/001, oblique lateral (K1), dorsal (K2) views. L. coalesced denticle FG 589/S/003, oblique dorsal view. M. FG 589/S/007, lateral (M1), anterior (M2) views. N. FG 589/S/006, oblique lateral view. O. FG 589/S/005, anterior view. Scale bars: A, 1 mm, B–G, 300 µm, H–O, 100 µm.