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Figure 2 Sphecodini male genital capsule. A in A revised genus-level classification for the Neotropical groups of the cleptoparasitic bee tribe Sphecodini Schenck (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae)

Figure 2 Sphecodini male genital capsule. A) Austrosphecodes sp., B) Microsphecodes sp., C) Melissocleptis capriciosa, D) Ptilocleptis tomentosa. Abbreviations: gs = gonocoxite striations, isp = gonostylus internal setose patch, vp = ventral prong. All images under the same scale.

Figure 3 in A revised genus-level classification for the Neotropical groups of the cleptoparasitic bee tribe Sphecodini Schenck (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae)

Figure 3 Nesosphecodes depressus sp. nov. Female Holotype. A) habitus, B) head in frontal view, C) mesosoma in dorsal view, D) metasoma in dorsal view. B and C under the same scale.

Figure 5 in A revised genus-level classification for the Neotropical groups of the cleptoparasitic bee tribe Sphecodini Schenck (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae)

Figure 5 Nesosphecodes depressus sp. nov. Male Paratype. A) T6, B) S7 and S8, C) genital capsule, ventral view, D) genital capsule, dorsal view. All images under the same scale.

Figure 4 in A revised genus-level classification for the Neotropical groups of the cleptoparasitic bee tribe Sphecodini Schenck (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae)

Figure 4 Nesosphecodes depressus sp. nov.Male Paratype. A) habitus, B) head in frontal view, C) mesosoma in dorsal view, D) metasoma in dorsal view.B and C under the same scale.

Figure 1 Melissocleptis gen. nov. and Austrosphecodes. A in A revised genus-level classification for the Neotropical groups of the cleptoparasitic bee tribe Sphecodini Schenck (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Halictinae)

Figure 1 Melissocleptis gen. nov. and Austrosphecodes. A) Melissocleptis capriciosus, female head, colored bars indicating the scape and frons length, B) M. capriciosus male head, F1–3 colored; C) M. capriciosa male metasoma, pygidial plate indicated in blue; D) Austrosphecodes brasiliensis, female head, colored bars indicating the scape and frons length, E) A. brasiliensis male head, F1–3 colored; F) A. brasiliensis male metasoma, pygidial plate indicated in blue. All images under the same scale.

Figs 28–31 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs 28–31. SEM micrographs of pupa of Chiasmognathus pashupati, approximate lateral views. 28. Entire pupa, showing broad distribution of dense spicules. 29. Close-up of left vertical tubercle; note left lateral, nonspiculate ocellus behind tubercle. 30. T3, T4 showing dense spiculation and row of sharply pointed tubercles at posterior margin of each. 31. Apex of metasoma showing widespread spiculation and nonspiculate terminal spine.

Figs 26–27 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs 26–27. SEM micrographs of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, approximate anterolateral view. 26. Close-up of wing tubercle. 27. Close-up of hind-tibial tubercle.

Figs. 5–9 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 5–9. Immatures of Nomioides patruelis. 5. Egg, lateral view, anterior end at top. 6. Postdefecating larva, lateral view. 7, 8. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 9. Right mandible, outer surface. Scales (5 1.0 mm) refer to figs. 5 and 6, respectively. Atp 5 anterior tentorial pit.

Fig. 1 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Fig. 1. Nesting site of Nomioides patruelis, 7.5 mi. east of Gharo, Sind Province, Pakistan. Ian Stuppakoff, in foreground, collecting adults flying over site.

Fig. 4. Cladogram, modified from a in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Fig. 4. Cladogram, modified from a cladistic analysis by Pesenko (2000: fig. 1), maps phylogenetic events in the evolution of the mature larvae of the Halictidae: (1) Ancestral features: mandibular apex simple; anterior tentorial pit immediately above or laterad to anterior mandibular articulation; labiomaxillary region projecting, well divided into pre- and postmentum; cardo and stipes evident; maxillary and labial palpi projecting papillae; salivary opening transverse, with projecting lips; hypopharyngeal groove probably indicated either by apices of articulating arms of stipites or by posterior margin of premental sclerite if present; paired dorsolateral body tubercles present or absent but, if absent, then most abdominal segments divided into cephalic and caudal annulets; larvae cocoon spinners. (2) Rophitine lineage similar to ancestral ground plan except paired conical dorsolateral body tubercles, if not present in ancestor, now present on most caudal annulets of abdominal segments. Within that lineage (a) cocoon spinning ceased in one place (Conanthalictus) and larval characters associated with cocoon spinning lost and (b) articulating arm of stipes lost presumably more than once (Dufourea, Sphecodosoma, and Conanthalictus). (3) Anterior tentorial pit shifted mesad, so that lateral segment of epistomal ridge lengthened; labiomaxillary region recessed, and pre- and postmentum partly fused; cardo and stipes fading but still weakly evident; labial palpus reduced but evident as small papilla; salivary opening without lips; hypopharyngeal groove complete, consisting of narrow furrow with embedded articulating arms, which are slender and curving toward one another; paired transverse dorsolateral body tubercles, if not present in ancestor, present on caudal annulet of most abdominal segments;

Figs. 12–16. Postdefecating larva Chiasmognathus pashupati. 12. Entire larva, lateral view. 13 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 12–16. Postdefecating larva Chiasmognathus pashupati. 12. Entire larva, lateral view. 13. Apex of abdomen, lateral view 14, 15. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. 16. Right mandible outer, surface.

Figs. 10, 11 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 10, 11. SEM micrographs of anterior end of egg of Nomioides patruelis and close-up of micropyle, respectively.

Figs. 2, 3 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 2, 3. Brood cells of Nomioides patruelis. 2. Front end of cell, inner view, showing deeply concave spiral cell closure; line demarking closure diameter 5 1.5 mm. 3. Approximate longitudinal view with front end at left. Note slight shine of lining on cell wall at left and feces piled on wall at rear end of cell; line demarking cell diameter 5 ca. 2.5 mm.

Figs. 21–25 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 21–25. SEM micrographs of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, approximate anterolateral view. 21. Anterior part of pupa with numbers referring to close-ups in figs. 22–25. 22. Close-up of frons and vertex. 23. Close-up of anterior mesoscutal tubercles. 24. Close-up of mesocutellar, axillary, and metanotal tubercles. 25. Close-up of tegular tubercle.

Figs. 17–20. 17, 18 in Biology and Immature Stages of the Bee Nomioides patruelis (Halictidae: Halictinae: Nomioidini) and of Its Cleptoparasite, Chiasmognathus pashupati (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini), with a Preliminary Phylogeny of the Halictidae Based on

Figs. 17–20. 17, 18. Diagrams of pupa of Nomioides patruelis, lateral view, entire pupa (with tergal tubercle enlargement), and front end of pupa, dorsal view, respectively. 19, 20. Diagrams of front end of pupa of Chiasmognathus pashupati, dorsal view, and of entire pupa, lateral view, respectively. Scale (5 1.0 mm) refers to all figures.

Figure 9 in Behavior and nest architecture of the bee Caenohalictus alexandrei (Hymenoptera, Halictinae)

Figure 9. Pollinic resource used by C. alexandrei. (A-B) Taraxacum officinale: (A) Flower with adult female; (B) Pollen grains; (C-D) Bidens pilosa: (C) Flowers; (D) Pollen grains; (E-F) Senecio madagascariensis, (E) Flower with adult female; (F) Pollen grains. Scale: 100 µm.

Figure 8 in Behavior and nest architecture of the bee Caenohalictus alexandrei (Hymenoptera, Halictinae)

Figure 8. Breeding cells of C. alexandrei. (A-B) Eggs on pollen mass in the cell; (C-F) Larvae: (C) Young larva; (D-E) Larvae in intermediate stage with pollen in their digestive tract; (F) Mature larva; (G-H) Pupae: (H) Young pupa; (G) Mature pupa.

Figure 6 in Behavior and nest architecture of the bee Caenohalictus alexandrei (Hymenoptera, Halictinae)

Figure 6. Internal architecture of nests of C. alexandrei. (A) Nest 2; (B) Nest 8; (C) Nest 1; (D) Nest 4. ♀ and ♂ indicating on sex of adult bees, female and male respectively, ♀ + indicate dead females. Scale: 2 cm.

Figure 3. Nests C in Behavior and nest architecture of the bee Caenohalictus alexandrei (Hymenoptera, Halictinae)

Figure 3. Nests C. alexandrei in the earth banks. (A-B) aggregations of nests: (A) nesting site C; (B) nesting site Z: (C-F) Open nests entrances with traces of soil falling down the bank: (G-H) Close nests entrances with soil. Red arrows indicate the open entrances of the nest. Red circles indicate the close entrance of the nest.

Figure 5 in Behavior and nest architecture of the bee Caenohalictus alexandrei (Hymenoptera, Halictinae)

Figure 5. Nests of C. alexandrei in the earth banks. (A) Female leaving the nest to perform foraging activity; (B, D-E) Female arrival and entry to the nest with a load of pollen in her hind femoral, tibial and ventral scopa and contact with the guardian female; (C) Female performing guarding activity in the entrance of the nest and waiting for the returns of another nest female′s; (F) Exit of the guardian female to forage just after the return of another adult female from the nest.