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FIG. 5 in New data on embryonic development of Halisarca dujardini Johnston, 1842 (Demospongiae, Halisarcida)

FIG. 5. — Scheme of H. dujardini embryonic development; A, mature egg; B, early cleavage; C, beginning of blastomere polarization; D, multipolar immigration; E, stage larval polarization; F, formation of internal sphere and migration of maternal eosinophilic granular amoebocytes into larva; G, disphaerula, larva of H. dujardini. Abbreviations: bi, blastocoel; ec, embryonic capsule; efa, eosinophilic amoebocytes; ic, internal cells; isp, internal sphere; mc, migrated cells; ppc, posterior pole cells; tc, transition cells; yg, yolk granules.

FIG. 4. — A in New data on embryonic development of Halisarca dujardini Johnston, 1842 (Demospongiae, Halisarcida)

FIG. 4. — A, internal flagellate cells of disphaerula; B, flagellated cell that migrated from internal sphere. Abbreviations: f, flagellum; isc, internal sphere cavity; n, nucleus; yg, yolk granules; ba, bacteria. Scale bars: A, 4 µm; B, 1 µm.

FIG. 3. — A in New data on embryonic development of Halisarca dujardini Johnston, 1842 (Demospongiae, Halisarcida)

FIG. 3. — A, division of external flagellate cells in prelarva; B, maternal eosinophilic granular amoebocyte between internal cells of disphaerula; C, posterior pole of larva; D, external flagellate epithelium of larva. Abbreviations: ba, bacteria; ic, internal cells; ec, embryonic capsule; ppc, posterior pole cells; tc, transition cells; dc, divided cell; ecc, embryonic capsule cell; f, flagellum; n, nucleus; yg, yolk granules. Scale bars: A, 5 µm; B, 5 µm; C, 10 µm; D, 5 µm.

FIG. 2. — A in New data on embryonic development of Halisarca dujardini Johnston, 1842 (Demospongiae, Halisarcida)

FIG. 2. — A, cleaving embryos in 8-cell stage; B, blastula after immigration of external cells; C, stage of invagination of flagellate cells forming internal sphere; D, disphaerula of H. dujardini. Abbreviations: ec, embryonic capsule; ic, internal cells; n, nucleus; efc, external flagellate cells; b, blastomere; bi, blastocoel; ifc, internal flagellate cells; is, internal sphere; ppc, posterior pole cells; tc, transition cells. Scale bars: A, 20 µm; B, 15 µm; C, 20 µm; D, 10 µm.

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FIG. 1 in New data on embryonic development of Halisarca dujardini Johnston, 1842 (Demospongiae, Halisarcida)

FIG. 1. — Life-history scheme of Halisarca dujardini in the White Sea.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from the Sea of Okhotsk, North Pacific

FIGURE 2. External morphology of Halisarca korotkovae sp. nov. A) Photograph of a specimen with even surface. B) Photograph of a type specimen (ZIN RAS 10700) with a slightly undulating surface.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from the Sea of Okhotsk, North Pacific

FIGURE 4. Light microscopy micrographs of the cells of Halisarca korotkovae sp. nov. A) Ectosome with cuticle (C), microgranular cells (Mc), exopinacocytes (Ex), amoebocyte (Ac), spherulous cells (Sc), and vacuolar cell (Vc). Stained with Mayer's hematoxylin-eosin. B–D) Choanosome. B) Choanocyte chambers (Cc) consist of choanocytes (Ch), endopinacocytes (En) and spherulous cells (Sc). Stained with Heidenhein's hematoxylin-eosin. C) Choanosomal mesohyl with vacuolar cells (Vc) and choanocyte chamber (Cc). Stained with Mayer's hematoxylin-eosin. D) Oocytes (O), spherulous cells (Sc) and amoebocyte (Ac) in the choanosome. Stained with Heidenhein's hematoxylin-eosin.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from the Sea of Okhotsk, North Pacific

FIGURE 3. The anatomical structures of Halisarca korotkovae sp. nov. A) Light microscopy micrograph showing the external part of sponge with the ectosome. Stained with Mayer's hematoxylin-eosin. B) Light microscopy micrograph showing the internal part of sponge with the choanosome. Stained with Heidenhein's hematoxylin-eosin. Abbreviation: C — cuticle; Cc — choanocyte chamber; Exc — exhalant canal; Mc — microgranular cells; Se — subectosomal cavities.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from the Sea of Okhotsk, North Pacific

FIGURE 1. Location of the collection sites of Halisarca korotkovae sp. nov. in the Sea of Okhotsk (Pacific Ocean). The circles indicate the exact collecting sites. Arrow indicates the type locality.

FIGURE 46 in Molecular and morphological description of a new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from Mediterranean Sea and a redescription of the type species Halisarca dujardini

FIGURE 46. Phylogenetic position of Halisarca harmelini in demosponge phylogeny. Posterior majority-rule consensus tree obtained from the analysis of 3411 aligned amino acid positions from 33 taxa under the CAT+GTR+Γ model is shown. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted with the PhyloBayes 2.3d program with four independent chains running in parallel until convergence (maxdiff = 0.06). The numbers at each node are Bayesian posterior probabilities. Fungi, Homoscleromorpha, and major clades of demosponges are collapsed for clarity. The two species of Halisarca are in bold. The complete tree is shown as supplementary data.

FIGURE 45. Cox1 in Molecular and morphological description of a new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from Mediterranean Sea and a redescription of the type species Halisarca dujardini

FIGURE 45. Cox1 divergence between Halisarca harmelini and Halisarca dujardini in comparison to cox1 polymorphism within Chondrilla nucula. Neighbor-joining tree was computed using uncorrected "p" distances for nucleotide data.

FIGURES 36–43 in Molecular and morphological description of a new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from Mediterranean Sea and a redescription of the type species Halisarca dujardini

FIGURES 36–43. Micrographs of secretive cells (36–40) and symbiotic bacteria (41–43) of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 36— Spherulous cell; 37—Vacuolar cell; 38—Microgranular cell; 39—Granular cell; 40—Rhabdiferous cell; 41, 42—Symbiotic bacteria Type B1; 43—Symbiotic bacteria Type B2. Abbreviations: B1—symbiotic bacteria type 1; G—granules; GC—Golgi complex; N—nucleus; R—rhabdite-like inclusions; S—spherule; V—vacuole. Scale bars: 36—3 µm; 37—7 µm; 38—2 µm; 39—1.5 µm; 40—2 µm; 41—0.5 µm; 42—1 µm; 43—0.5 µm.

FIGURE 27–29 in Molecular and morphological description of a new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from Mediterranean Sea and a redescription of the type species Halisarca dujardini

FIGURE 27–29. Anatomy of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 27—General view (semi-thin section); 28 – choanocyte chamber (TEM); 29—basal part (TEM). Abbreviations: Ar, archaeocyte; B2, bacteria type 2; C, cuticle; CC, choanocyte chambers; Ch, choanocytes; SC, spherulous cell; VC, vacuolar cell. Scale bars: 27—100 µm; 28—10 µm; 29—5 µm.

FIGURES 30–35 in Molecular and morphological description of a new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from Mediterranean Sea and a redescription of the type species Halisarca dujardini

FIGURES 30–35. TEM micrographs of the cells of Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. 30—exopinacocyte; 31—choanocytes; 32— endopinacocyte; 33—basopinacocyte; 34—nucleolate amoebocyte; 35—lophocyte. Abbreviations: B1—bacteria type 1; Ccuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; EC—external cytoplasmic part; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; N—nucleus; T—cell's "tail". Scale bars: 30–2.5 µm; 31—2 µm; 32—2.5 µm; 33—2 µm; 34—1 µm; 35—2 µm.

FIGURE 20 in Molecular and morphological description of a new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from Mediterranean Sea and a redescription of the type species Halisarca dujardini

FIGURE 20. Halisarca dujardini. Comparative TEM micrographs of mesohylar cells with inclusions and symbiotic bacteria of Halisarca dujardini from different seas. Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Ph—phagosomes; S—spherulous inclusions; V—vacuoles.

FIGURES 21–23 in Molecular and morphological description of a new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from Mediterranean Sea and a redescription of the type species Halisarca dujardini

FIGURES 21–23. Halisarca dujardini. TEM of additional temporary mesohylar cell. Nutritive cells (21); macrophages (22); special eosinophilic granular cells (23). Abbreviations: G—granules; N—nucleus; Nu—nucleolus; Ph—phagosomes. V—vacuoles. Scale bars: 21—2.5 µm; 22—15 µm; 23—3 µm.

FIGURES 25, 26 in Molecular and morphological description of a new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from Mediterranean Sea and a redescription of the type species Halisarca dujardini

FIGURES 25, 26. Halisarca harmelini sp. nov. in situ and in vivo (arrowheads) (photos J. Harmelin). Abbreviations: Ooscula; Z—bryozoan zooids. Scale bars: 25—10 mm; 26—3mm.

FIGURE 6 in Molecular and morphological description of a new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from Mediterranean Sea and a redescription of the type species Halisarca dujardini

FIGURE 6. Scheme of the ectosomal region (modified from Bergquist 1996). 1—the upper layer; 2—the middle layer; 3—the inner layer. Abbreviation: ex—exopinacocytes.

FIGURES 16–19 in Molecular and morphological description of a new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from Mediterranean Sea and a redescription of the type species Halisarca dujardini

FIGURES 16–19. Halisarca dujardini. Ultrastructure of mesohylar cells. TEM of nucleolated amoebocytes (archaeocytes) from Barents (16) and Japan (17) Seas; TEM of lophocytes from Barents Sea (18) and SEM of lophocyte from White Sea (19). Abbreviations: B—symbiotic bacteria; L—lophocyte; N—nucleus; Nu—nucleolus; Ph—phagosomes. Ps—pseudopodia. Scale bars: 16—2 µm; 17—2 µm; 18—1.5 µm; 19—7 µm.

FIGURES 7–15 in Molecular and morphological description of a new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from Mediterranean Sea and a redescription of the type species Halisarca dujardini

FIGURES 7–15. Halisarca dujardini. Ultrastructure of epithelial cells. TEM of choanocyte chamber of sponge from Barents Sea (Fig. 7); SEM of choanocytes of sponge from White Sea (Fig. 8); TEM (Fig. 9) and SEM (Figs. 10, 11) of exopinacocytes of sponges from White Sea; TEM (Fig. 12) and SEM (Fig. 13) of endopinacocytes of sponges from Japan (12) and White (13) Seas; TEM (Fig. 14) and SEM (Fig. 15) of basopinacocytes of sponges from Barents (14) and White (15) Seas. Abbreviations: B—symbiotic bacteria; Bp—basopinacocytes; C—external cuticle; CB—cytoplasmic bridge; CS—periflagellar cytoplasmic sleeve; EC—external cytoplasmic part; Enp—endopinacocyte; Exp—exopinacocytes; F—flagellum; Mv—microvilli; Nnucleus; Ph—phagosomes. Scale bars: 7—7 µm; 8—2 µm; 9—3 µm; 10—2 µm; 11—7 µm; 12—3 µm; 13—7 µm; 14— 1.5 µm; 15—10 µm.