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22 results for “Heat dissipation”
Heat Dissipation Test with single Fiber Optic cable
<p> A Heat Dissipation Test implies heating a conducting element within the saturated soil until its temperature increase reaches steady state while monitoring the temperature development of the heating element during heating and cooling phases. In this case, we used a single Fiber Optic (FO) cable to perform a Heat Dissipation Test, aiming to quantify groundwater flow. The FO cable is installed along the outer casing of a piezometer located in an unconsolidated shallow aquifer.</p> <p>The data presented here are the maximum temperature reached each depth, the filtered temperature increment for the most representative depths, and the resulting values of thermal conductivity and groundwater flow based on the interpretation of the recorded data.</p> <p>Additionally, we included all the raw data obtained from the heated cable installed in the N325 borehole which was calibrated externally. And finally, we added two more files were we included the smooth heating curves and log-derivative resulting from filtering all data obtained from the heat dissipation test.</p>
Acute stress and restricted diet reduce bill-mediated heat dissipation in the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia): Implications for optimal thermoregulation
<p>We used thermal imaging to show that two environmental factors—acute stress and diet—influence thermoregulatory performance of a known thermal window, the avian bill. The bill plays important roles in thermoregulation and water balance. Given that heat loss through the bill is adjustable through vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and acute stress can cause vasoconstriction in peripheral body surfaces, we hypothesized that stress may influence the bill's role as a thermal window. We further hypothesized that diet influences heat dissipation from the bill given that body condition influences the surface temperature of another body region (the eye region). We measured the surface temperature of the bills of song sparrows (<em>Melospiza</em> <em>melodia</em>) before, during, and after handling by an observer at 37°C ambient temperature. We fed five birds a restricted diet intended to maintain bodyweights typical of wild birds, and we fed six birds an unrestricted diet for five months prior to experiments. Acute stress caused a decrease in the surface temperature of the bill, resulting in a 32.4% decrease in heat dissipation immediately following acute stress, before recovering over approximately 2.3 minutes. The initial reduction and subsequent recovery provide partial support for the haemoprotective and thermoprotective hypotheses, which predict a reduction or increase in peripheral blood flow, respectively. Birds with unrestricted diets had larger bills and dissipated more heat, indicating that diet and body condition influence bill-mediated heat dissipation and thermoregulation. These results indicate that stress-induced vascular changes and diet can influence mechanisms of heat loss and potentially inhibit optimal thermoregulation.</p>
Acute stress and restricted diet reduce bill-mediated heat dissipation in the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia): Implications for optimal thermoregulation
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Data from: Heat dissipation capacity influences reproductive performance in an aerial insectivore
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Data from: lactation at hot temperature: a test of heat dissipation limitation in mice divergently selected for BMR
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Data from: Keeping cool: enhanced optical reflection and heat dissipation in silver ants
Saharan silver ants, Cataglyphis bombycina, forage under extreme temperature conditions in the African desert. We show that the ants' conspicuous silvery appearance is created by a dense array of triangular hairs with two thermoregulatory effects. They enhance not only the reflectivity of the ant's body surface in the visible and near-infrared range of the spectrum, where solar radiation culminates, but also the emissivity of the ant in the mid-infrared. The latter effect enables the animals to efficiently dissipate heat back to the surroundings via blackbody radiation under full daylight conditions. This biological solution for a thermoregulatory problem may lead to the development of biomimetic coatings for passive radiative cooling of objects.
Data from: Lean-season primary productivity and heat dissipation as key drivers of geographic body-size variation in a widespread marsupial
Geographic body-size variation characterises many mammal species. Hypotheses centring around heat conservation, heat dissipation, primary productivity and seasonality have been advanced to explain geographic body-size patterns. However, identification of the primary body-size drivers has often been hampered by a paucity of data for broadly distributed species and the application of regression models that have not explicitly accounted for the spatial clustering inherent in such datasets. We used Australia's most widespread marsupial, the common brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula, as a model species with which to test five proposed drivers of geographic body-size variation. Using geo-referenced skull measurements from 588 specimens and a suite of putative environmental covariates, we employed spatial simultaneous autoregressive models, together with information criteria, to evaluate these different hypotheses. Our analysis identified a strong, positive relationship between possum body size and primary productivity during the least productive season, whereas the relationship with mean annual productivity received less support. Consistent with the heat-dissipation hypothesis, T. vulpecula body size also decreased with increasing mean summer maximum temperature. Spatial autoregression coefficients estimated from the simultaneous autoregressive models were always high, suggesting that additional abiotic or biotic factors might contribute to the spatial patterns observed. We argue that the analysis of geographic body-size variation should consider multi-causal possibilities rather than treating the numerous hypotheses as competing, mutually exclusive alternatives.
Heating by Dissipation of Energy from Absorbed Light: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Survival Strategy of Polar Algae
<p>The original data, which served as the source material for the scientific article on the polar alga <em>Pediastrum orientale, co</em>llected from Reindeer Lake on Spitsbergen. Consists of datasets obtained using various techniques: fluorescence microscopy (microscope_fluo), fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FLIM), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman microspectroscopy (RAMAN), fluorescence lifitime spectroscopy (lifetime) and fluorescence spectroscopy (Fluo).<br><br>HPLC - Nexera LC-40 (Shimadzu, Japan)<br>FLIM - OLYMPUS IX71 confocal microscope MicroTime 200 with SymPhoTime 64 software package (PicoQuant, GmbH, Germany)<br>RAMAN - inVia Reflex confocal Raman microscope with the WiRE 5.5 software package (Renishaw, UK)<br>AFM - JPK Nanowizard 3 system with JPKSMP data processing software (Bruker, USA)<br>Lifetime - FluoTime 300 spectrometer with FluoFit Pro v 4.5.3.0 (PicoQuant, Germany)<br>Microscope_Fluo - Zeiss LSM980 confocal microscope with Airy2 and Elyra7 detectors and ZEN 3.1 software (Zeiss, Germany)<br>Fluo - OLYMPUS IX71 confocal microscope MicroTime 200 system with the spectrograph SR-163 and the Newton 970 EMCCD camera (Andor Technology)<br><br></p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Fig. 2 in Keeping cool: Enhanced optical reflection and radiative heat dissipation in Saharan silver ants
Fig. 2. Reflectivity of the silver ant's body surface from the visible to the MIR range of the spectrum. (A) Hemispherical reflectivity measured in the visible and NIR. (B) Measurement and simulation results showing visible and NIR reflectivity as a function of incidence angle. (C) Cross-sectional view of a two-dimensional distribution of a light field (magnitude of electric field component of light,or |E|) around a triangular hair for three exemplary Mie resonances.(D) Schematic diagram showing the interaction between visible and NIR light and a hair at small (I), intermediate (II), and large (III) incidence angles.The corrugated upper two facets may enhancediffuse reflection inthe ultravioletandvisible ranges.(E)ReflectivitymeasuredintheMIRatnormal incidence.(F)Simulated MIRreflectivity asafunction of incidence angle.
Fig.1 in Keeping cool: Enhanced optical reflection and radiative heat dissipation in Saharan silver ants
Fig.1.The bright glare of the silver ant and its structural basis.(A) Silverantoffloadingheatontopofdryvegetation(18).(B)SEMfrontalviewofthehead densely coveredbyhairs.(C)SEMimageof thehairsgraduallytaperingoff towardthetip.(D)Cross-sectionalviewof thehairsmilledwith FIB.(E)SEMimageof two hairs with one flipped upside down to exhibit the flat bottom facet.
Fig.3 in Keeping cool: Enhanced optical reflection and radiative heat dissipation in Saharan silver ants
Fig.3. Resultsof thermodynamicexperiments. (A) Thermal camera images showing the head of an ant specimen at the thermal steady state un- der different conditions. Temporal temperature profiles measured for the head before and after hair removal in vacuum (B) and in still air (C) are shown.(Dto F) Resultsobtained for thehind part (gaster) of an ant specimen.Insets in (B) and (E) are photos of specimens before and after hair removal.In the "hairs intact" picturesof head and gaster, because of the limited solid angle of illumination,the silvery glance is not shown all over the bodysurface portrayed inthe figures.
Data from: Keeping cool: enhanced optical reflection and heat dissipation in silver ants
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Data from: Lean-season primary productivity and heat dissipation as key drivers of geographic body-size variation in a widespread marsupial
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Pressure Correction in the Calibration of Heat Dissipation Sensors
<p>Heat dissipation sensors (HDSs) infer soil matric potential based on the measured rate of temperature rise from a heat source. The process for calibrating these sensors may use a pressure plate apparatus (PPA) to remove water to a certain calibration point that is controlled by pressure. Conventionally, the pressure within the PPA is released before the temperature change calibration points are measured (D<i>T</i><sub>0</sub>). This conventional HDS calibration approach can take several weeks. We propose that the equilibrated temperature change at pressure (D<i>T</i><sub>p</sub>) can be corrected empirically to the value at zero pressure. Based on measurements of 14 HDSs between 0.02 and 0.1 MPa, D<i>T</i><sub>p</sub> was on average 6.2% larger than D<i>T</i><sub>0</sub>. After pressure correction, using an empirical equation, the difference between the corrected D<i>T</i><sub>p</sub> and D<i>T</i><sub>0</sub> was only 0.28%. These results demonstrate that this empirical approach provides sufficient accuracy to achieve HDS calibration without performing a PPA pressure release.</p>
Heat dissipation behaviour of birds in seasonally hot, arid-zones: are there global patterns?
<p>Quantifying organismal sensitivity to heat stress provides one means for predicting vulnerability to climate change. Birds are ideal for investigating this approach, as they display quantifiable fitness consequences associated with behavioural and physiological responses to heat stress. We used a recently developed method that examines correlations between readily-observable behaviours and air temperature (Tair) to investigate interspecific variation in avian responses to heat stress in seasonally hot, arid regions on three continents: the southwestern United States, the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa and the Gascoyne region of Western Australia. We found substantial interspecific variation in heat dissipation behaviours (wing-drooping, panting, activity-reduction, shade-seeking) across all three regions. However, pooling the data revealed that little of this interspecific variation was systematically explained by organismal traits (foraging guild, diet, drinking dependency, body mass, or activity levels) at the scale we tested. After accounting for phylogeny, we found that larger birds engaged in wing-drooping behaviour at lower Tair and had lower activity levels at high Tair compared to smaller birds, indicating an effect of body mass on heat dissipation behaviour (HDB). In the Kalahari, reliance on drinking was correlated with significantly lower Tair at which panting commenced, suggesting a key role of water acquisition in HDB in that region. Birds also tended to retreat to shade at relatively lower Tair when more active, suggesting a behavioural trade-off between activity, heat load, and microsite selection. Our results imply that the causes underlying interspecific variation in heat dissipation behaviours are complex. While the variation we observed was not systematically explained by the broad scale organismal traits we considered, we predict that the indices themselves will still reflect vulnerability to potential fitness costs of high air temperatures. Further research is needed on a species-specific basis to establish the functional significance of these indices.</p>
Data from: Testing the heat dissipation limit theory in a breeding passerine
The maximum work rate of animals has recently been suggested to be determined by the rate at which excess metabolic heat generated during work can be dissipated (heat dissipation limitation theory; HDL). As a first step towards testing this theory in wild animals, we experimentally manipulated brood size in breeding marsh tits (Poecile palustris) to change their work rate. Parents feeding nestlings generally operated at above-normal body temperatures. Body temperature in both males and females increased with maximum ambient temperature and with manipulated work rate, sometimes even exceeding 45 °C, which is close to suggested lethal levels for birds. Such high body temperatures have previously only been described for birds living in hot and arid regions. Thus, reproductive effort in marsh tits may potentially be limited by the rate of heat dissipation. Females had lower body temperatures, a possible consequence of their brood patch serving as a thermal window facilitating heat dissipation. Because increasing body temperatures are connected to somatic costs, we suggest that the HDL theory may constitute a possible mediator of the trade-off between current and future reproduction. It follows that globally increasing, more stochastic, ambient temperatures may restrict the capacity for sustained work of animals in the future.
Data from: The travel speeds of large animals are limited by their heat-dissipation capacities
<div> <h2>Purpose</h2> <p>This is an extension of the travel speed dataset published by Dyer et al. 2023 in PLOS Biology that includes additional metadata. Data follow the same aggregation to species level by grouping records across unique combinations of study and species while preserving variation across important categorical covariates (listed below). </p> </div> <div> <h2>Scripts</h2> <ul> <li><code>scripts/modelling/fit_model.R</code>: Fits mechanistic locomotion models to aggregated data using RStan. Plots predictions and outputs parameter estimates of competing models.</li> </ul> </div> <div> <h2>Data Columns</h2> <p>Each heading below describes a column of the travel speed dataset.</p> <p><strong>move_speed_ref</strong>: Unique reference number for each study reporting animal travel speed. The corresponding references are contained within the supplementary reference list file.</p> <p><strong>move_mass_ref</strong>: Unique reference number for each study reporting animal body mass. The corresponding references are contained within the supplementary reference list file.</p> <p><strong>scientific_name</strong>: Scientific name of the species according to the taxonomy of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (accessed via GBIF.org during 2022). A small number of studies that report only the genus name or common name of the species are reported in our dataset as <em>Genus sp.</em> (e.g. <em>Gazella sp.</em>). One study, which estimated the travel speed and body mass of an unknown species of mouse via camera traps, is reported in our dataset as <em>Amazon mouse sp.</em></p> <p><strong>move_movement_mode</strong>: Categorical value indicating whether the reported travel speed corresponds to an animal engaged in flying, running, or swimming. This allows species to be accommodated that are capable of multi-modal locomotion (e.g. northern elephant seal, <em>Mirounga angustirostris</em>).</p> <p><strong>taxon_group</strong>: Categorical value indicating membership to one of eight animal groups (amphibian, arthropod, cnidarian, bird, fish, mammal, mollusc, reptile).</p> <p><strong>thermo_reg</strong>: Categorical value indicating thermoregulatory strategy, i.e. the contribution of metabolic heat production to the maintenance of core body temperature during rest:<br>- <strong>ectotherm</strong>: negligible contribution, body temperature matches ambient temperature<br>- <strong>mesotherm</strong>: weak contribution with partial thermal stability, as in tunas, lamnid sharks, and leatherback sea turtles<br>- <strong>endotherm</strong>: strong contribution with metabolic stability even when ambient temperatures are significantly below body temperature</p> <p><strong>move_medium</strong>: Categorical value indicating whether the animal’s travel speed was measured during locomotion within the terrestrial realm (air) or aquatic realm (water).</p> <p><strong>move_speed_method</strong>: Categorical value indicating whether travel speed was estimated directly (i.e. instantaneously via direct observation in real-time, animal-attached speedometer, or video recording) or indirectly from higher-resolution telemetry data (i.e. from changes in an animal’s spatial coordinates at intervals < 30 minutes apart).</p> <p><strong>move_study_condition</strong>: Categorical value indicating whether travel speed was estimated under natural field conditions or under a controlled laboratory setting such as within an aquarium or mesocosm. Travel speeds of the smallest animals (e.g. arthropods) can only feasibly be estimated within a controlled setting.</p> <p><strong>move_avgspeed_value</strong>: Categorical value indicating whether average travel speed was reported as a mean or median within the original study.</p> <p><strong>move_bodymass_kg</strong>: Continuous value indicating the average adult body mass (units: kilograms) of the species. In cases where the study’s reference numbers <code>move_speed_ref</code> and <code>move_mass_ref</code> differ, we referred to secondary literature sources to assign the average adult body mass of the species. In cases where only body length was given, we used published allometric equations to estimate the wet body mass.</p> <p><strong>move_avgspeed_ms</strong>: Continuous value indicating the average (geometric mean) travel speed (units: metres per second) of the species reported within the study.</p> <p><strong>move_speed_source</strong>: Categorical value indicating the sampling level at which travel speed measurements were reported within the study.<br>- <code>indv</code>: travel speed reported from an individual animal. - <code>avgs</code>: travel speed reported as an average (mean or median) across multiple individuals from the same species.</p> <p><strong>move_individuals_n</strong>: Integer value indicating the number of individual animals from which travel speed measurements were obtained within the study.</p> <p><strong>move_measurements_n</strong>: Integer value indicating the number of travel speed measurements taken across individuals within the study. This value can exceed <code>move_individuals_n</code> when repeated measurements were made from the same individuals.</p> <p><strong>move_ygeo_min</strong>: Continuous value indicating the minimum reported latitude (decimal degrees) of the study location(s).</p> <p><strong>move_ygeo_max</strong>: Continuous value indicating the maximum reported latitude (decimal degrees) of the study location(s).</p> <p><strong>move_xgeo_min</strong>: Continuous value indicating the minimum reported longitude (decimal degrees) of the study location(s).</p> <p><strong>move_xgeo_max</strong>: Continuous value indicating the maximum reported longitude (decimal degrees) of the study location(s).</p> <p><strong>move_date_min</strong>: Earliest reported date of data collection within the study (format: YYYY-MM-DD).</p> <p><strong>move_date_max</strong>: Latest reported date of data collection within the study (format: YYYY-MM-DD).</p> <p><strong>move_study_country</strong>: Country in which the study was conducted.</p> <p><strong>move_study_location</strong>: A description of the study location.</p> </div> <div> <h2>Version Notes</h2> <p>This updated version of the travel speed dataset extends the aggregated dataset published in <br>Dyer et al. 2023, PLOS Biology<strong> </strong>through the inclusion of additional metadata fields.<br>Metadata follow the same aggregation to species level by grouping records across unique combinations of study and species while preserving variation across important categorical covariates (listed above).</p> <div> <h3>Key Updates</h3> <ul> <li><strong>Added spatial metadata</strong>: minimum and maximum latitude/longitude, study country, and study location.</li> <li><strong>Added temporal metadata</strong>: earliest and latest reported dates of data collection (YYYY-MM-DD).</li> <li><strong>Refined sampling information</strong>: number of individuals (<code>move_individuals_n</code>) and number of speed measurements (<code>move_measurements_n</code>) are now reported, where available.</li> </ul> </div> </div>
Body Heat Content and Dissipation in Obese and Normal Weight Adults
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00266500. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.
Data from: Testing the heat dissipation limit theory in a breeding passerine
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Pressure Correction in the Calibration of Heat Dissipation Sensors
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