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Fig. 1 in On the occurrence of Hemiphractus scutatus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in eastern Amazonia

Fig. 1. Known distribution of (a) genus Hemiphractus (in purple) and (b) Hemiphractus scutatus (dots), highlighting new locality of occurrence in middle Tapajós River region, Pará State, Brazil (red dots) and localities of sequences included in molecular analysis (yellow dots). The region of new records is zoomed in (c), showing the sampling sites where H. scutatus was present (red) and not recorded (white).

Fig. 4 in On the occurrence of Hemiphractus scutatus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in eastern Amazonia

Fig. 4. Aerial (a) and inside (b) view of the Hemiphractus scutatus habitat (Terra Firme forest) in middle Tapajós River region, Pará State, Brazil, also showing the BR-230 highway.

Fig. 6 in On the occurrence of Hemiphractus scutatus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in eastern Amazonia

Fig. 6. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Hemiphractus species based in a fragment of the 16S mtDNA gene, with GenBank accession numbers. Only bootstrap values>80% are shown (5,000 replicates). For Hemiphractus scutatus, sample localities are in parentheses and specimens from middle Tapajós River region, Pará State, Brazil are highlighted.

Fig. 5 in On the occurrence of Hemiphractus scutatus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in eastern Amazonia

Fig. 5. Variation in number of individuals of Hemiphractus scutatus recorded along its known elevational range (60–3,300 m above mean sea level). The specimens from middle Tapajós River region, Pará State, Brazil are recorded among the lowest known elevation for the species.

Fig. 7 in On the occurrence of Hemiphractus scutatus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in eastern Amazonia

Fig. 7. Inter and intraspecific genetic distances (mean ± standard deviation of pairwise and K2P distances) calculated for a fragment of 16S mtDNA gene of Hemiphractus species and populations. (Hsc) Hemiphractus scutatus; (Hpr) Hemiphractus proboscideus (Hfa) Hemiphractus fasciatus; (Hhe) Hemiphractus helioi; (Col) Colombia; (Per) Peru; (Tap) middle Tapajós River region, Pará State, Brazil. GenBank accession numbers of sequences are in Table 2.

Fig. 3 in On the occurrence of Hemiphractus scutatus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in eastern Amazonia

Fig. 3. Dorsal and ventral views of voucher specimens of Hemiphractus scutatus from middle Tapajós River region, Pará State, Brazil. (a) Female, 76.1 mm SVL, INPA-H38116; (b) Male, 57.8 mm SVL, INPA-H38117. Scale bar = 20 mm.

Fig. 2 in On the occurrence of Hemiphractus scutatus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in eastern Amazonia

Fig. 2. Specimens of Hemiphractus scutatus from middle Tapajós River region, Pará State, Brazil. (a) Female, 76.1 mm SVL, INPA-H38116; (b) Male, 57.8 mm SVL, INPA-H38117; (c) Female, 61.7 mm SVL, INPA-H38118.

FIGURE 9 in A taxonomic review of the genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in Panama: Description of Two New Species, Resurrection of Hemiphractus panamensis (Stejneger, 1917), and Discussion of Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862

FIGURE 9. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus panamensis, the holotype of H. fasciatus, and an unidentified specimen of Hemiphractus from Prov. Nariño, Colombia (KU 200261). This latter specimen was initially identified and catalogued as H. fasciatus; we are unsure of its actual taxonomic identity because it resembles neither the holotype of H. fasciatus nor any of the material from Panama.

FIGURE 8 in A taxonomic review of the genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in Panama: Description of Two New Species, Resurrection of Hemiphractus panamensis (Stejneger, 1917), and Discussion of Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862

FIGURE 8. Live specimens of Hemiphractus kaylockae. (A, B) Adult specimens from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probable males, SVL unknown. (C) Photograph (KUDA 003746) of specimen KU 93506 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 54.2 mm. (D) Photograph (KUDU 003744) of specimen KU 93505 (C.W. Myers) from Cerro Pirre, Darién, Panama; adult female, SVL = 40. 5 mm. (E) Adult specimen from vicinity of Cana, Darién, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center): probably female, SVL unknown.

FIGURE 7 in A taxonomic review of the genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in Panama: Description of Two New Species, Resurrection of Hemiphractus panamensis (Stejneger, 1917), and Discussion of Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862

FIGURE 7. Preserved holotype of Cerathyla (= Hemiphractus) panamensis Stejneger, 1917. Specimen (USNM 55320) is an adult female, SVL = 59.3 mm. Photographs courtesy of USNM curatorial staff.

FIGURE 6 in A taxonomic review of the genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in Panama: Description of Two New Species, Resurrection of Hemiphractus panamensis (Stejneger, 1917), and Discussion of Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862

FIGURE 6. Condition of the vomer and neopalatine relationships of the Hemiphractus spp. considered in this paper. (A) adult male of H. kaylockae (UMMZ 152624), showing narrow separation between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (B) Adult male H. elioti AMNH 124113), showing contact between odontoids on vomers and neopalatines. (C, D) adult females of H. panamensis (KU 116353) and H. fasciatus (holotype), showing wide separation between odontoids on the vomers and palatines, as well as the reduced number of vomerine odontoids compared to H. elioti and H. kaylockae. Figures are presented in similar, but not fully equivalent scales.

FIGURE 5. A in A taxonomic review of the genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in Panama: Description of Two New Species, Resurrection of Hemiphractus panamensis (Stejneger, 1917), and Discussion of Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862

FIGURE 5. A map of the known distributions of the three species of Hemiphractus recognized herein, from Panama. Type localities are white symbols, black symbols represent localities for museum vouchers and photographic records (see Fig. 3). Symbols represent H. elioti (triangles); H. panamensis (circles), and H. kaylockae (square). At this time, we know of no confirmed records of these species from neighboring Costa Rica or Colombia, and we posit that H. fasciatus Peters, 1862, does not occur in Panama, but more likely is restricted to Ecuador and perhaps part of Colombia.

FIGURE 3 in A taxonomic review of the genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in Panama: Description of Two New Species, Resurrection of Hemiphractus panamensis (Stejneger, 1917), and Discussion of Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862

FIGURE 3. Photographs of live specimens of Hemiphractus from Panama. (A) Specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. (B) Specimen of H. panamensis displaying mouth gaping behavior while being handled (E. Baitchman); sex and SVL unknown. (C) Live specimen of H. panamensis photographed in situ (T. Herman); sex and SVL unknown. Specimens of H. panamensis all found at Cerro Brewster, Panama, Panama. (D, E) Adults of H. elioti, from Altos de María, near El Valle de Antón, Panama (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); probably males, SVL unknown. (F) Captive adult female of H. elioti with eggs (B. Wilson, courtesy of El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center); SVL unknown.

FIGURE 4 in A taxonomic review of the genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in Panama: Description of Two New Species, Resurrection of Hemiphractus panamensis (Stejneger, 1917), and Discussion of Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862

FIGURE 4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the heads and dorsal and ventral views of preserved specimens of Hemiphractus spp. from Panama. (A) Hemiphractus elioti (adult male holotype, SVL = 25.4 mm, head length = 12.0 mm). (B) H. kaylockae (adult female holotype, SVL = 54.2 mm, head length = 24.3 mm). (C) H. panamensis (adult female KU 116353, SVL = 40.4 mm, head length = 20.0 mm). The outline of the subtemporal fossae of the skulls typically are visible (and palpable) in preserved specimens; here they are delineated by dashed lines. Photographs by A. Thompson, courtesy of Zoo Atlanta.

FIGURE 2 in A taxonomic review of the genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in Panama: Description of Two New Species, Resurrection of Hemiphractus panamensis (Stejneger, 1917), and Discussion of Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862

FIGURE 2. High-resolution Computed Tomography reconstructions of the skulls of Hemiphractus elioti new species (female: UMMZ 152622; male: AMNH 124113) and H. kaylockae new species (female: KU 93506; male: UMMZ 152624).

FIGURE 1 in A taxonomic review of the genus Hemiphractus (Anura: Hemiphractidae) in Panama: Description of Two New Species, Resurrection of Hemiphractus panamensis (Stejneger, 1917), and Discussion of Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862

FIGURE 1. Dorsal and lateral views of the skull of H. panamensis (KU 116353) showing various cranial dimensions measured (modified from Trueb, 1974). Abbreviations: HL = head length; HW = head width; IOD = interorbital distance. In our study, "Eye" refers more explicitly to the longitudinal diameter of the bony orbit of the skull. Two measures of the paraoccipital process, not considered by Trueb (1974) also are illustrated.