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Fig. 3. Phylogenetic trees obtained from a concatenated dataset with a in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic trees obtained from a concatenated dataset with a total length of 1,277 bp, consisting of seven mitochondrial genes (16S, tRNA-Ala, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Asn, tRNA-Gln, tRNA-Pro, and COI). The trees were built based on maximum likelihood (ML, left) and Bayesian inference (BI, right). Values at nodes indicate bootstrap scores from ML and posterior probabilities from BI. Outgroups are only shown in the ML tree with both the support values. Scale bars indicate the number of nucleotide substitutions per site. OTUs sequenced in this study are in bold face. Each letter in parentheses after non-bold OTUs denotes the source: C, Chichvarkhin (2017b); F, Foltz and Rocha- Olivares (unpublished); K, Knott et al. (2018); L, Lopes et al. (2016); M, Matsubara et al. (2004); W, Wada et al. (1996). Circles indicate species listed as Setihenricia in Chichvarkhin and Chichvarkhina (2017). Triangles indicate species morphologically identified as Setihenricia in this study (see Fig. 4A).

Fig. 2 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 2. Measurements (morphometrics) of four kinds of ossicles of Henricia nipponica (Oshoro): A, dorsal spine (DS); B, adambulacral spine (AdS); C, adambulacral plate (AdP), proximal view; D, ambulacral plate (AmP), proximal view.

Fig. 5 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 5. Side views of the arms of Henricia nipponica (Oshoro) (A, B) and Henricia tumida (C, D). A, C, Lower magnification; B, D, higher magnification of the rectangle on A and C, respectively. The number of the rows of spines on the inferomarginal plate can be interpreted as either two (solid line), two or three (dashed line), or three (dotted line). Scale bars indicate 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 1. Sampling locations of Henricia (circle) and Echinaster (square) specimens around Japan. (1) Off Abashiri, Hokkaido; H. sp. 2 (Abashiri 1), H. sp. 3 (Abashiri 2); (2) Oshoro, Hokkaido; H. nipponica (Oshoro), H. ohshimai (Oshoro); (3) Off Iwanai, Hokkaido; H. reniossa; (4) Akkeshi, Hokkaido; H. reticulata, H. tumida, H. sp. 1 (Akkeshi); (5) Muroran, Hokkaido; H. nipponica (Muroran); (6) Off Iwate; H. hayashii; (7) Off Miyagi; H. kinkasana; (8) Off Fukushima; H. sp. 4 (Fukushima); (9) Misaki, Kanagawa; H. ohshimai (Misaki); (10) Iki Island, Nagasaki; H. regularis; (11) Okinoerabu Island, Kagoshima; H. sp. 8 (Okinoerabu); (12) Iheya Island, Okinawa; E. sepositus; (13) Okinawa Island, Okinawa; H. sp. 5 (Okinawa); (14) Nagannu Island, Okinawa; H. sp. 7 (Nagannu); (15) Aka Island, Okinawa; E. callosus; (16) Miyako Island, Okinawa; H. sp. 6 (Miyako); (17) Iriomote Island, Okinawa; E. luzonicus.

Fig. 4 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 4. Morphological characters which might be useful to distinguish Setihenricia species from non-Setihenricia species. A, number of rows of spines on each inferomarginal plate; B, SEM images of AdP; C, AdPwidth; D, SEM images of AmP; E, photographs of entire body; F, ratios of AmPwidth/AmPneck/r. See Table 4for abbreviations. Circles on boxplots (A, C, and F) indicate outliers. Specimens that show three (indicated by a vertical dashed line on A) or more rows of the spines can be identified as Setihenricia (Chichvarkhin and Chichvarkhina 2017). Enlarged images of B, D, and E are available in the figshare repository (Wakita et al. 2019).

Fig. 6 in Molecular Systematics and Morphological Analyses of the Subgenus Setihenricia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Henricia) from Japan

Fig. 6. Morphological characters representing the degree of tapering of spines. A, SEM images of DS; B, ratios of DSbase/DStip; C, SEM images of AdS; D, ratios of AdSbase/AdStip. See Table 4for abbreviations. Circles on boxplots (B and D) indicate outliers. On B and D, a value above one (indicated by a vertical dashed line) can be interpreted that the spine is tapered. Enlarged images of A and C are available in the figshare repository (Wakita et al. 2019).

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Fig. 1. Henricia sanguinolenta. A in A newly recorded sea star of genus Henricia (Asteroidea: Spinulosida: Echinasteridae) from the East Sea, Korea

Fig. 1. Henricia sanguinolenta. A. abactinal side; B. actinal side; C. abactinal paxillae; D. actinal spines: inferomarginal spines (Is), ventrolateral spines (Vs), adambulacral spines (As); E. oral part; F. madreporite with spines; G. madreporite without spines; H. abactinal skeleton; I. actinal skeleton: superomarginal plates (S), intermarginal plates (In), inferomarginal plates (I), ventrolateral plates (V), adambulacral plates (A); J. abactinal spines; K. adambulacral spines. Scale bars: A, B = 2 cm, C-I = 1 mm, J = 100 μm, K = 50 μm.

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Fig. 3. Henricia irregularis Hayashi, 1940 in Two newly recorded echinoderms from the mesophotic zone in Korea

Fig. 3. Henricia irregularis Hayashi, 1940 in this study. (A) abactinal paxillae; (B) abactinal skeleton; (C) papulae (arrows); (D) madreporite; (E) actinal skeleton; (F), (I) adambulacral spines; (G) oral part and interradii of actinal side; (H) abactinal spines. Scale bars: A-E = 1 mm, F = 5 mm, G = 3 mm, H = 100 μm, I = 200 μm (H, I, SEM images). Abbreviations: a, adambulacral plates; i, inferomarginal plates; in, intermarginal plates; s, superomarginal plates; v, ventrolateral plates.

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Fig. 1. Henricia elachys. A in A new record of sea star genus Henricia (Asteroidea: Spinulosida: Echinasteridae) from Jeju Island, Korea

Fig. 1. Henricia elachys. A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C, J. dorsal spines; D, K. adambulacral spines; E. oral part; F. madreporite; G. dorsal skeleton; H. ventral skeleton: adambulacral plate (A), ventrolateral plate (V), inferomarginal plate (I), supermarginal plate (S); I. furrow spines. Scale bars: A, B = 2 cm; C, D, G, H = 2 mm; E, F = 1 mm; I, J = 100 μm, K = 200 μm.

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Fig. 1. Henricia aspera. A in A new record of a sea star, Henricia aspera Fisher, 1906 (Asteroidea: Spinulosida: Echinasteridae) from Jeju Island, Korea

Fig. 1. Henricia aspera. A. abactinal side; B. actinal side; C. abactinal paxillae; D, K. adambulacral spines; E. oral part; F. madreporite; G. abactinal skeleton; H. papulae (arrows); I. actinal skeleton: inferomarginal plates (i); intermarginal plates (in), ventrolateral plates (v), adambulacral plates (a); and J. abactinal spines. Scale bars: A, B = 2 cm, C-I = 1 mm, J = 100 μm, K = 500 μm (J, K, SEM images).

FIGURE 4. A. Henricia fragilis n in Two new deep-sea species of the genus Henricia (Asteroidea: Spinulosida Echinasteridae) from Japanese waters

FIGURE 4. A. Henricia fragilis n. sp. Holotype, NSMT E-13165. A. whole body, abactinal and actinal views. B. part of abactinal side, near the base of arm. C. denuded abactinal surface from proximal-most portion of arm, showing secondary abactinal plates (arrow heads). D. abactinal pseudopaxillae from proximal-most portion of arm. E. part of denuded ventrolateral surface, proximal-most to one-third the length of arm. F. part of lateral surface at half the length of arm. G. part of actinal surface at proximal-most arm. H. furrow spines, the Arabic numerals 12 and 13 indicate furrow spines which stand on 12th and 13th adambulacral plates, respectively. Abbreviations: (S) superomarginal series, (I) inferomarginal series, (V1) first ventrolateral series, (V2) second ventrolateral series, (A) adambulacral series. Scale bars indicate 10 mm for A, 1 mm for B–H. Proximal is left in B–H.

FIGURE 5 in Two new deep-sea species of the genus Henricia (Asteroidea: Spinulosida Echinasteridae) from Japanese waters

FIGURE 5. SEM images of lateral and top view of abactinal spines from basal arm. A. Henricia margarethae n. sp. Holotype, NSMT E-13349. B. H. margarethae n. sp. Paratype, NSMT E-7186. C. Henricia fragilis n. sp. Holotype, NSMT E-13165. Scale bar indicates 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Two new deep-sea species of the genus Henricia (Asteroidea: Spinulosida Echinasteridae) from Japanese waters

FIGURE 1. Sampling sites of Henricia margarethae n. sp. and Henricia fragilis n. sp. Locality of H. margarethae and H. fragilis is indicated by solid circles and a diamond, respectively.

FIGURE 2. A. Henricia margarethae n in Two new deep-sea species of the genus Henricia (Asteroidea: Spinulosida Echinasteridae) from Japanese waters

FIGURE 2. A. Henricia margarethae n. sp. Holotype NSMT E-13349. Living specimen. B. Henricia fragilis n. sp. Holotype, NSMT E-13165. In situ image by ROV Hyper-Dolphin at 1806 m in depth off Hahajima Island. The specimen is associated with an unidentified glass sponge.

FIGURE 3. A–I. Henricia margarethae n in Two new deep-sea species of the genus Henricia (Asteroidea: Spinulosida Echinasteridae) from Japanese waters

FIGURE 3. A–I. Henricia margarethae n. sp. Holotype, NSMT E-13349. J. Henricia arcystata Fisher, 1917. Holotype, USNM 37007. A. whole body, abactinal and actinal views. B. part of abactinal surface, near the base of arm. C. denuded abactinal surface at proximal-most portion of arm, showing secondary abactinal plates (arrow heads). D. abactinal pseudopaxillae from proximal-most portion of arm. E. part of denuded ventrolateral surface, near the base of arm. F. part of denuded ventrolateral surface at one-third to half the length of arm. G. part of lateral surface at one-third to half the length of arm. H. part of actinal surface, one-third to half the length of arm. I. furrow spines, the Arabic numerals 9 to 12 indicate furrow spines which stand on 9th to 12th adambulacral plates, respectively. J. part of lateral surface, one-third to half the length of arm. Abbreviations: (S) superomarginal series, (I) inferomarginal series, (V1) first ventrolateral series, (V2) second ventrolateral series, (V3) third ventrolateral series, (A) adambulacral series. Scale bars indicate 10 mm for A, 1 mm for B–J. Proximal is left in B–J.

FIGURE 5. A–B in Henricia pumila sp. nov.: A brooding seastar (Asteroidea) from the coastal northeastern Pacific

FIGURE 5. A–B SEM images of aboral spines, scale bar = 100µm. A. Henricia leviuscula (MFS 149) spines with fenestrated smooth-sided shafts tipped with splayed sharp points. B. Henricia pumila, n. sp. (MFS 109 paratype) spines with fenestrated smooth-sided shafts tipped with sharp points that do not splay. C–G close-ups of aboral pseudopaxillae. C, E. H. leviuscula USNM 1116587. D,F. H. pumila n. sp. holotype. G. H. pumila n. sp. USNM 1116586 paratype, fixed in formalin and air-dried. Note tissue obscuring spine tips.

FIGURE 3. Living coloration. A. Henricia leviuscula voucher USNM 1116587. B. Henricia pumila n in Henricia pumila sp. nov.: A brooding seastar (Asteroidea) from the coastal northeastern Pacific

FIGURE 3. Living coloration. A. Henricia leviuscula voucher USNM 1116587. B. Henricia pumila n. sp. holotype USNM1116585. A whole seastar, aboral and oral views, scale bar = 1 cm. Note the small size, short rays in relation to disc diameter. B–C. ray and disc, scale bar = 1 cm. B. aboral and oral views. On aboral surface note small, crescentic pseudopaxillae and relatively larger papular areas. On oral surface note elongated adambulacral plates with few spines, ventrolateral plates extending only four-fifths the ray length, and elongated inferomarginal and superomarginal plates (the latter not entirely in view). C. Color in field for likely H. pumila from near Sitka, Alaska (image by A. Baldwin). D. Color in field for likely H. pumila from Cape Arago, Oregon (image by J. Goddard).

FIGURE 2. Henricia leviuscula holotype USNM 03357, dry. A in Henricia pumila sp. nov.: A brooding seastar (Asteroidea) from the coastal northeastern Pacific

FIGURE 2. Henricia leviuscula holotype USNM 03357, dry. A. aboral and oral views, scale bar = 10 mm. Note slender rays and small disc. Two ray tips are broken. B–C. ray base to mid-ray, scale bar = 2 mm. B. aboral surface. Note closeset aboral pseudopaxillae and small papular areas. C. oral surface. Note 1:1 correspondence of adambulacral, ventrolateral, and, partially in view, inferomarginal plates covered with spines. D–E. ray base at higher magnification, scale bar = 0.5 mm. D. aboral pseudopaxillae. Note glassy spines with smooth-sided shafts and splayed points. E. oral view showing three sets of adambulacral, ventrolateral, and inferomarginal plates, with adambulacral furrow to the left. Adambulacral plates bear 1 deep furrow spine and 13 to 14 spines of diminishing size. Adjacent ventrolateral plates bear about 15 smaller spines. Inferomarginal plates (not in focus) are elongated and more spinous. Superomarginal plates, which lie aboral to the inferomarginals, are not in view.

FIGURE 4. A–B in Henricia pumila sp. nov.: A brooding seastar (Asteroidea) from the coastal northeastern Pacific

FIGURE 4. A–B. Detail of aboral surface of single ray. A. Henricia leviuscula voucher USNM 1116587 (see also Figs. 3A, 5C, 5E). B. H. pumila n. sp. holotype. C. Oral surface of single ray, H. pumila n. sp. USNM 1116586 paratype. Note the ventrolateral series of plates/spines extends unusually far in this individual (contrast with Fig. 1B). A–B same scale bar = 4 mm. C scale bar = 4 mm. Images A–B by A. Draeger.

FIGURE 1. A in Henricia pumila sp. nov.: A brooding seastar (Asteroidea) from the coastal northeastern Pacific

FIGURE 1. A drawing representing the plate series that flank the ambulacral groove on rays of A, Henricia leviuscula and B, H. pumila n. sp. Terms in parentheses are synonyms that have been used by other authors in published descriptions of species in the genus. Abbreviations: A adambulacral, V ventrolateral, shown in solid black (intermediate actinal, interactinal, actinal intermediate, peractinal, subactinal, oral intermediate), I inferomarginal (inframarginal), S superomarginal (supramarginal). Scale bar: A=1.0 cm, B=0.5 cm.