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Fig. 7 in A New Montane Species of Spiny Pocket Mouse (Rodentia: Heteromyidae: Heteromys) from Northwestern Costa Rica

Fig. 7. Comparisons of female specimens of Heteromys desmarestianus (left column), H. nubicolens (middle column), and H. oresterus (right column); dorsal views of the crania are provided for specimens in age class 5 (top row), age class 4 (middle row), and age class 2 (bottom row). Museum catalog numbers follow: age class 5, KU 158510, KU 142791, and MVZ 164860 (note, zygomatic arches are missing due to breakage); age class 4, KU 158505, KU 159025 (holotype of H. nubicolens), and MVZ 164861; age class 2, MNCR 793, MNCR 797, and MVZ 164862. See appendices 1 and 2 for full provenience.

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Fig. 3 in A New Montane Species of Spiny Pocket Mouse (Rodentia: Heteromyidae: Heteromys) from Northwestern Costa Rica

Fig. 3. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the cranium of the holotype of Heteromys nubicolens (KU 159025), an adult female in age class 4. See appendix 1 for full provenience.

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Linked collectors and determiners for: Estado actual del conocimiento biológico de algunas especies de roedores de las familias Muridae, Geomyidae, Heteromyidae y Sciuridae (Rodentia: Mammalia) incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Estado actual del conocimiento biológico de algunas especies de roedores de las familias Muridae, Geomyidae, Heteromyidae y Sciuridae (Rodentia: Mammalia) incluidas en el PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/7fa70514-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a">https://bionomia.net/dataset/7fa70514-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/7fa70514-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a">https://gbif.org/dataset/7fa70514-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

FIG. 4 in Two new pocket mice (Mammalia, Rodentia, Heteromyidae) from the Miocene of Nebraska and New Mexico and the early evolution of the subfamily Perognathinae

FIG. 4. — Cranium and upper molars of Mioperognathus willari n. sp. (FAM 129674) (holotype): A-C, photographs (left) and line diagrams of the cranium; A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, right lateral view (zygomatic arch removed); D, right M1(broken)-M3 (stereo pair; anterior toward top). Abbreviations: bu, buccinator foramen; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; in, incisive foramen; ju, jugular foramen; mbf, fissure medial to bulla; msc, masticatory foramen; op, optic foramen; pom, posterior maxillary foramen; ppl, posterior palatine foramen; spl, sphenopalatine foramen; spt, spheopterygoid canal; spv, sphenofrontal vacuity; rp, rostral perforation (including infraorbital foramen); st, stapedial foramen; sty, stylomastoid foramen; t, temporal foramen; uaf, unossified area between alisphenoid and frontal bones; uml, unossified area between maxillary and lacrimal bones; vf, venous foramen. Scale bars: A-C, 1 cm, D, 1 mm.

FIG. 3 in Two new pocket mice (Mammalia, Rodentia, Heteromyidae) from the Miocene of Nebraska and New Mexico and the early evolution of the subfamily Perognathinae

FIG. 3. — Postcranial elements and mandible of Eochaetodipus asulcatus n. sp. (UNSM 130000): A, ulna (distal end missing); B, tibiofibula (proximal end and fibula broken); C, humerus (proximal end missing); D, calcanium; E, lateral view of right mandible. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 1 in Two new pocket mice (Mammalia, Rodentia, Heteromyidae) from the Miocene of Nebraska and New Mexico and the early evolution of the subfamily Perognathinae

FIG. 1. — Photographs (left) and line diagrams (right) of the skull of Eochaetodipus asulcatus n. sp. based on the holotype UNSM 130000: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view (zygomatic arch removed); C, ventral view. Dashed lines indicate outlines of broken or covered areas; patterned area indicates missing bones. Abbreviations: bu, buccinator foramen; eth, ethmoid foramen; fo, foramen ovale; foa, accessory foramen ovale; fr, nutritive foramen in frontal; in, incisive foramen; mbf, fissure medial to bulla; msc, masticatory foramen; spv, sphenofrontal vacuity; pom, posterior maxillary foramen; ppl, posterior palatine foramen; t, temporal foramen; rp, rostral perforation (including infraorbital foramen); vf, venous foramen. Scale bar: 1 cm.

FIG. 5 in Two new pocket mice (Mammalia, Rodentia, Heteromyidae) from the Miocene of Nebraska and New Mexico and the early evolution of the subfamily Perognathinae

FIG. 5. — Phylogenies of selected heteromyid taxa: A, Cladogram of relationships of heteromyids. Explanation of nodes: 1, Heteromyidae; buccinator and masticatory foramen (fused) separated from accessory foramen ovale; rostral perforation associated with infraorbital foramen. 2, More gracile skeleton; incisive foramen less than 15% length of upper diastema. 3, Heteromyinae; bony flange above orbit; loss of stapedial foramen; mesodonty; central basin on lower premolar; deeper parapterygoid fossa; loss of posterior border of accessory foramen ovale. 4, beginnings of bullar and mastoid inflation; buccinator and masticatory foramina separated; interparietal oval. 5, presence of unossified area on medial orbital wall; loss of accessory foramen ovale; premaxillary-maxillary suture on palate crosses incisive foramina at their posterior end; greater inflation of bulla and mastoid. 6, central union of lophs on p4; deeper parapterygoid fossa; loss of temporal foramen; bony flange above orbit; even greater inflation of mastoid and bulla. 7, Dipodomyinae; bulla enormously inflated; limb proportions for ricochetal locomotion; incisive foramina greatly enlarged; cheek teeth mesodont to hypsodont. B, Single most parsimonious tree based on PAUP analysis. Total length = 27 steps. Consistency index = 0.8889. Homoplasy index = 0.1111. Retention index = 0.7500. Multiple derived states for characters 2, 14, and 18 are ordered. See Table 3 for list of character states.

Fig. 12 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 12. Landscape at Misión Tukuko (locality 97; Estado Zulia). Heteromys anomalus was frequently trapped in the disturbed forests in the background (as well as in regenerating thickets and small patches of vegetation along streams), but never in the open anthropogenic pastures in the foreground. Photographed in July 1986 by Robert S. Voss.

Fig. 11 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 11. Plot of specimen scores on the first two axes of the principal components analysis (PCA) of type series of Heteromys oasicus and H. anomalus and its synonyms. Adults in age classes 4–6 were used here. PC1type represents a size factor and was multiplied by —1 so that smaller specimens appear to the left and larger ones to the right (table 4). Axes are scaled relative to their eigenvalues (proportion of variation among specimens explained), and specimens are marked by the first letter of the following respective series: a, anomalus; b, brachialis; h, hershkovitzi; j, jesupi; o, oasicus; t, Trinidad (Caura, used as an additional sample of the nominotypical anomalus). Note the small size of specimens of H. oasicus, especially in contrast to the holotype of H. anomalus.

Fig. 10 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 10. Plot of rostral length (RL) versus age class for specimens of Heteromys oasicus from the Península de Paraguana´, Venezuela (A) and of H. anomalus from Latal, Venezuela (•). Rostral length was chosen to represent overall size here, because it correlated highly with growth in the group (Anderson, unpubl.) and was available for most specimens from Paraguana´. Age classes do not represent a continuous variable (such as age in days), but rather categories roughly corresponding to relative age (see text and Voss et al., 1990). Note the extremely small size of specimens of H. oasicus, with the adult in age class 5 smaller than individuals of age class 2 in the Latal sample of H. anomalus.

Fig. 9 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 9. Plot of specimen scores on the first two axes of the canonical variates analysis (CVA) of geographic variation performed on specimens of Heteromys in age class 4 from the 13 geographic samples. Axes are scaled relative to their eigenvalues (proportion of variation among centroids of geographic samples explained). Specimens of H. oasicus are marked by solid triangles, and individuals of H. anomalus are denoted by circles (solid circles for the South American mainland and open circles for the island of Trinidad). The first canonical axis can be interpreted as a measure of size (table 3), with large specimens having positive scores.

Fig. 8 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 8. Plot of specimen scores on the first two axes of the principal components analysis (PCA) of geographic variation performed on 174 specimens of Heteromys in age class 4 without regard to geographic sample. PC1geo represents a size factor and was here multiplied by —1 so that smaller specimens appear to the left and larger ones to the right (table 1). Axes are scaled relative to their eigenvalues (proportion of variation among specimens explained). Specimens of H. oasicus are marked by solid triangles, and individuals of H. anomalus are denoted by circles (solid circles for the South American mainland and open circles for the island of Trinidad). Note the strikingly small size of specimens of H. oasicus.

Fig. 7 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 7. Dorsal views of skulls of Heteromys anomalus from Tukuko (Zulia, Venezuela), Valera (Trujillo, Venezuela), and Caura (Trinidad) and of H. oasicus from the Península de Paraguaná (Falcón, Venezuela). All specimens are males in age class 4.

Fig. 4 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 4. Landscape at Cerro Santa Ana (localities 101 and 102; Estado Falcón), showing vertical stratification of vegetation types on its slopes. Upper: View of Cerro Santa Ana from the WNW. Note

Fig. 3 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 3. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the holotype of Heteromys oasicus (USNM 456325), a male in age class 4.

Fig. 6 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 6. Map of the Península de Paraguaná showing the location of major geographic features and collection localities of Heteromys oasicus (Δ; see appendix 1 for complete provenience and museum catalog numbers). Gray shading indicates regions above 200 m; the small area above ca. 550 m on Cerro Santa Ana that supports evergreen cloud forest is largely overprinted by the symbol for locality 102.

Fig. 5 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 5. Map of northwestern South America showing collection localities of Heteromys oasicus (Δ) and Heteromys anomalus (•) in Colombia and western Venezuela. Localities are numbered to correspond with information given in the Gazetteer (appendix 1). Heteromys anomalus continues its distribution to the east in northcentral and northeastern Venezuela, but H. oasicus is endemic to the Península de Paraguana´. One locality of H. australis is known from Venezuela (locality 99, overprinted here by locality 74 of H. anomalus), but that species is primarily distributed to the west in Panama, Colombia,

Fig. 2 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 2. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of a cranium of Heteromys, showing method of taking cranial measurements. Abbreviations and measurements are defined in the Materials and Methods.