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18 results for “Higher taxonomy”
Fig. 68. Higher elevational vegetations. A in Taxonomy of the ant genera Leptothorax Mayr, 1855 and Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of China with descriptions of twenty-eight new species and a key to the known Chinese species
Fig. 68. Higher elevational vegetations. A. Alpine shrubland (3815 m, Yushu, Qinghai). B. Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jacks. forest (3550 m, Bomi, Tibet). C. Betula albosinensis Burkill forest (3480 m, Ganzi, Sichuan). D. Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. forest (3250 m, Bomi, Tibet). E. Alpine conifer forest (3250 m, Yanyuan, Sichuan). F. Alpine Rhododendron L. forest (3250 m, Luquan, Yunnan). Photos by Zheng-Hui Xu.
TABLE 2. — Principal factor analysis giving factors higher than 1 in Amphibians of Togo: taxonomy, distribution and conservation status
<p>TABLE 2. — Principal factor analysis giving factors higher than 1, their individual variance and the cumulative variance of these six components.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Factor</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>Variable</b></th><td><b>1</b></td><td><b>2</b></td><td><b>3</b></td><td><b>4</b></td><td><b>5</b></td><td><b>6</b></td></tr><tr><th>RSVL</th><td>–0.299</td><td>0.765</td><td>0.335</td><td>–0.089</td><td>–0.059</td><td>–0.080</td></tr><tr><th>RHW</th><td>0.673</td><td>0.500</td><td>0.356</td><td>–0.136</td><td>0.175</td><td>–0.097</td></tr><tr><th>RHL</th><td>0.898</td><td>0.013</td><td>0.196</td><td>0.106</td><td>0.000</td><td>–0.016</td></tr><tr><th>RMN</th><td>0.854</td><td>0.018</td><td>0.097</td><td>0.219</td><td>–0.042</td><td>–0.032</td></tr><tr><th>RMFE</th><td>0.838</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.163</td><td>0.016</td><td>0.015</td><td>–0.149</td></tr><tr><th>RMBE</th><td>0.572</td><td>–0.062</td><td>0.210</td><td>–0.273</td><td>–0.118</td><td>–0.062</td></tr><tr><th>RIFE</th><td>0.766</td><td>–0.146</td><td>–0.068</td><td>0.289</td><td>0.209</td><td>–0.228</td></tr><tr><th>RIBE</th><td>0.786</td><td>0.119</td><td>0.212</td><td>–0.004</td><td>0.289</td><td>–0.039</td></tr><tr><th>RIN</th><td>0.613</td><td>0.138</td><td>0.041</td><td>0.187</td><td>0.245</td><td>–0.360</td></tr><tr><th>REN</th><td>0.265</td><td>–0.181</td><td>–0.160</td><td>0.776</td><td>0.026</td><td>0.156</td></tr><tr><th>REL</th><td>0.812</td><td>0.043</td><td>–0.136</td><td>0.059</td><td>0.275</td><td>0.074</td></tr><tr><th>RTYD</th><td>0.243</td><td>0.761</td><td>0.448</td><td>–0.160</td><td>0.057</td><td>0.037</td></tr><tr><th>RTYE</th><td>–0.071</td><td>–0.796</td><td>0.157</td><td>–0.337</td><td>–0.048</td><td>–0.168</td></tr><tr><th>RIUE</th><td>0.118</td><td>0.052</td><td>0.027</td><td>0.827</td><td>0.039</td><td>0.017</td></tr><tr><th>RUEW</th><td>0.672</td><td>0.416</td><td>0.198</td><td>–0.356</td><td>0.250</td><td>–0.111</td></tr><tr><th>RFLL</th><td>0.483</td><td>–0.203</td><td>0.107</td><td>0.432</td><td>0.007</td><td>–0.534</td></tr><tr><th>RHAL</th><td>0.396</td><td>0.279</td><td>0.680</td><td>–0.050</td><td>0.263</td><td>–0.043</td></tr><tr><th>RTFL</th><td>0.251</td><td>0.145</td><td>0.765</td><td>0.105</td><td>0.046</td><td>–0.133</td></tr><tr><th>RTL</th><td>–0.154</td><td>–0.588</td><td>0.156</td><td>0.604</td><td>–0.089</td><td>0.071</td></tr><tr><th>RFOL</th><td>0.272</td><td>0.465</td><td>0.713</td><td>–0.158</td><td>0.169</td><td>0.122</td></tr><tr><th>RFTL</th><td>0.014</td><td>0.031</td><td>0.635</td><td>–0.028</td><td>0.070</td><td>0.168</td></tr><tr><th>RTFOL</th><td>–0.144</td><td>–0.712</td><td>–0.210</td><td>0.535</td><td>–0.189</td><td>0.105</td></tr><tr><th>RIMT</th><td>0.263</td><td>0.672</td><td>0.468</td><td>–0.265</td><td>0.163</td><td>–0.212</td></tr></tbody></table>
Phylogenomics and the first higher taxonomy of Placozoa, an ancient and enigmatic animal phylum
<p>Placozoa is an ancient phylum of extraordinarily unusual animals: miniscule, ameboid creatures that lack most fundamental animal features. Despite high genetic diversity, only recently have the second and third species been named. While prior genomic studies suffer from incomplete placozoan taxon sampling, we more than double the count with protein sequences from seven key genomes and produce the first nuclear phylogenomic reconstruction of all major placozoan lineages. This leads us to the first complete Linnaean taxonomic classification of Placozoa, over a century after its discovery: This may be the only time in the 21st century when an entire higher taxonomy for a whole animal phylum is formalized. Our classification establishes 2 new classes, 4 new orders, 3 new families, 1 new genus, and 1 new species, namely classes Polyplacotomia and Uniplacotomia; orders Polyplacotomea, Trichoplacea, Cladhexea, and Hoilungea; families Polyplacotomidae, Cladtertiidae, and Hoilungidae; and genus <em>Cladtertia</em> with species <em>Cladtertia</em> <em>collaboinventa</em>, nov. Our likelihood and gene content tree topologies refine the relationships determined in previous studies. Adding morphological data into our phylogenomic matrices suggests sponges (Porifera) as the sister to other animals, indicating that modest data addition shifts this node away from comb jellies (Ctenophora). Furthermore, by adding the first genomic protein data of the exceptionally distinct and branching Polyplacotoma mediterranea, we solidify its position as sister to all other placozoans; a divergence we estimate to be over 400 million years old. Yet even this deep split sits on a long branch to other animals, suggesting a bottleneck event followed by diversification. Ancestral state reconstructions indicate large shifts in gene content within Placozoa, with <em>Hoilungia</em> <em>hongkongensis</em> and its closest relatives having the most unique genetics.</p>
Phylogenomics and the first higher taxonomy of Placozoa, an ancient and enigmatic animal phylum
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Data from: Restructuring higher taxonomy using broad-scale phylogenomics: the living Ophiuroidea
The power and throughput of next-generation sequencing is instigating a major transformation in our understanding of evolution and classification of life on our planet. The new trees of life are robust and comprehensive. Here we provide a landmark phylogeny of the living ophiuroids and use it as the basis for a major revision of the higher classification of this class of marine invertebrates. We used an exon-capture system to generate a 1484 exon (273 kbp) data-matrix from DNA extracted from ethanol-preserved museum samples. We successfully obtained an average of 90% of our target sequence from 576 species spread across the known taxonomic diversity. The topology of the major lineages was robust to taxon sampling, exon-sampling, models and methods. However, estimates of node age were much less precise, varying by about a quarter of mean age. We used a combination of phylogenetic distinctiveness and temporal-banding to guide our revision of the family-level classification. Empirically, we determined that limiting family crown age to 110 ± 10 Ma (mid Cretaceous) selected phylogenetically distinct nodes while minimising disruption to the existing taxonomy. The resulting scheme of 32 families and six orders considerably expands the number of higher taxa. The families are generally longitudinally widespread across the world's oceans, although 17 are largely confined to temperate and equatorial latitudes and six to relatively shallow water (less than 1000 m depth).
FIGURE 1 in A proposed higher taxonomy of anomodont therapsids
FIGURE 1. Cladogram of anomodont relationships illustrating the positions and compositions of the taxa defined herein. Tree topology based on the phylogenetic analyses of Modesto et al. (1999) and Angielczyk (2007). Stem-based taxa are indicated by an arrow and node-based taxa are indicated by an enlarged circle.
FIGURES 17–21. Zamora granulata Roewer, 1928, 3 in First report of the male of Zamora granulata Roewer, 1928, with implications on the higher taxonomy of the Zamorinae Kury, 1997 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Cranaidae)
FIGURES 17–21. Zamora granulata Roewer, 1928, 3 (MNRJ 19266), from Pastaza: 17. Habitus, dorsal view; 18. Same, left lateral view; 19. Ocularium, frontal view; 20. Right pedipalpus, ectal; 21. Left pedipalpus, mesal. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURES 22–26. Zamora granulata Roewer, 1928, 3 in First report of the male of Zamora granulata Roewer, 1928, with implications on the higher taxonomy of the Zamorinae Kury, 1997 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Cranaidae)
FIGURES 22–26. Zamora granulata Roewer, 1928, 3 (MNRJ 19266), from Pastaza. Distal part of penis: 22. Dorsal view; 23. Same, right lateral view; 24. Same, ventral view; 25. Glans complex and ventral plate, dorsal view; 26. Same, lateral view. Scale bars = 100 µm (Figs. 22–24), 50 µm (Figs. 25–26).
FIGURE 27 in First report of the male of Zamora granulata Roewer, 1928, with implications on the higher taxonomy of the Zamorinae Kury, 1997 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Cranaidae)
FIGURE 27. Ecuador, showing distribution of the Globibuninae and Zamorinae in WWF Ecoregions. Coordinates in Table 1. The two points for G. rubrofemoratus are almost collapsed at this scale due to their proximity. Color patches represent the WWF Ecoregions, of which the two relevant are marked.
FIGURES 13–16. Zamora granulata Roewer, 1928, 3 in First report of the male of Zamora granulata Roewer, 1928, with implications on the higher taxonomy of the Zamorinae Kury, 1997 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Cranaidae)
FIGURES 13–16. Zamora granulata Roewer, 1928, 3 (MNRJ 19266), from Pastaza, habitus, 13. Dorsal view; 14. Frontal view; Ƥ (MNRJ 19298), from Morona-Santiago, habitus, 15. Left lateral view; 16. Dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURES 6–8. Prostygnus vestitus Roewer, 1913, 3 in First report of the male of Zamora granulata Roewer, 1928, with implications on the higher taxonomy of the Zamorinae Kury, 1997 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Cranaidae)
FIGURES 6–8. Prostygnus vestitus Roewer, 1913, 3 holotype (SMF RI 840/36), from Zamora-Chinchipe, southern Ecuador, habitus, 6. Dorsal view; 7. Right lateral view; Cutervolus albopunctatus Roewer, 1957, 3 (MUSM 210), from Cajamarca, northern Peru, 8. Habitus dorsal view. Gray areas represent patches of white. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURES 9–12 in First report of the male of Zamora granulata Roewer, 1928, with implications on the higher taxonomy of the Zamorinae Kury, 1997 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Cranaidae)
FIGURES 9–12. Distal part of penis: Prostygnus vestitus Roewer, 1913, 3 holotype (SMF RI 840/36), from Zamora- Chinchipe, 8. Left lateral view; 9. Dorsal view. Cutervolus albopunctatus Roewer, 1957, 3 (MUSM 210), from Cajamarca, 10. Left lateral view; 11. Dorsal view. Scale bars = 100 µm.
FIGURES 1–5 in First report of the male of Zamora granulata Roewer, 1928, with implications on the higher taxonomy of the Zamorinae Kury, 1997 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Cranaidae)
FIGURES 1–5. Globibuninae from Ecuador, habitus. Globibunus rubrofemoratus Roewer, 1912 3 (MNRJ 19308) from Loja, 1. Left lateral view; 2. Same, detail; 3. Dorsal view; Rivetinus minutus Roewer, 1914 3 (MNRJ 19221), from Pichincha, 4. Dorsal view; 5. Left lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
Figure 4 in Revision of the higher taxonomy of Neotropical freshwater crabs of the family Pseudothelphusidae, based on multigene and morphological analyses
Figure 4. Morphological traits of the first male gonopod (G1) of some representative species of Pseudothelphusoidea. A, Epiloboceridae: Epilobocera cubensis Stimpson, 1860 (right G1, mesial view SMF 3880). B–I, Pseudothelphusidae. B, Strengerianinae: Chaceus curimanensis Campos & Valencia, 2004 (left G1, caudalmesial view, INPA 1488). C, Hypolobocerinae: Hypolobocera rathbunae Pretzmann, 1968 (right G1, caudal view, MZUSP 6383). D, Guinotinae: Guinotia dentata Latreille, 1825 (left G1, caudalmesial view, INPA 1445). E, Kingsleyinae: Kingsleya gustavoi Magalhães, 2005 (left G1, caudal view, holotype, INPA 1320, reproduced from Magalhães, 2005). F, Ptychophallinae: Ptychophallus tristani (Rathbun, 1896) (left G 1, caudoalmesial view, holotype, USNM 19047, reproduced from Magalhães et al., 2015). G, Potamocarcininae: Potamocarcinus armatus H. Milne Edwards, 1853 (left G1, mesial view, INPA 2123). H, Raddausinae, Raddaus bocourti (A. Milne-Edwards, 1866) (left G1, mesial view, INPA 2020). I, Pseudothelphusinae: Pseudothelphusa americana de Saussure, 1857 (right G1, mesial view, syntype, MHNGenève uncatalogued). Scale bars = 1 mm.
Figure 1. Bayesian maximum clade credibility tree obtained for 32 in Revision of the higher taxonomy of Neotropical freshwater crabs of the family Pseudothelphusidae, based on multigene and morphological analyses
Figure 1. Bayesian maximum clade credibility tree obtained for 32 genera of the superfamily Pseudothelphusoidea. Values at nodes represent bootstrap values for the Maximum Likelihood analysis (above branches) and posterior probabilities (below branches).
Figure 3 in Revision of the higher taxonomy of Neotropical freshwater crabs of the family Pseudothelphusidae, based on multigene and morphological analyses
Figure 3. Distribution areas of the Pseudothelphusoidea, by families and subfamilies, in the American continent.
Data from: Restructuring higher taxonomy using broad-scale phylogenomics: the living Ophiuroidea
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Figure 2 in Revision of the higher taxonomy of Neotropical freshwater crabs of the family Pseudothelphusidae, based on multigene and morphological analyses
Figure 2. Tree with divergence estimates for nodes of the main groups of the Pseudothelphusoidea (numbers at the nodes represent millions of years before present), with 95% confidence intervals represented by the grey bars. Three fossil crabs were incorporated into the analysis: (1) Hillius youngi Bishop, 1983, from the lower Cretaceous; (2) Tanzanonautes tuerkai Feldmann et al., 2007 in the Potamonautidae, from the Paleogene of Tanzania; and (3) an undetermined Trichodactylidae from the late Middle Paleocene of Peru (Klaus et al., 2017).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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