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FIG. 1 in Hipparions (Mammalia, Equidae) du Miocène supérieur et du Pliocène de Salonique (Grèce), collection Arambourg et Puyhaubert (MNHN, Paris)

FIG. 1. — « Ratiodiagrams » des crânes de Salonique d'après les mesures données dans le Tableau 1 comparés à ceux d'Hipparion mediterraneum de Pikermi. O-PM2, distance entre le bord antérieur de l'orbite et le bord antérieur de la deuxième prémolaire; 1, longueur du museau; 2, longueur du palais; 9, longueur (alvéolaire) de la série dentaire supérieure; 15, largeur du museau en arrière des troisièmes incisives; 30, longueur de l'échancrure naso-incisive; 31, longueur jugale; 32, distance entre l'orbite et la fosse pré-orbitaire (= BPO).

Fig. 10 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 10. Body mass of Hipparion macedonicum from the various Greek localities calculated by various methods and its change in relation to the time. The body mass is estimated using the metapodials (Eisenmann and Sondaar 1998); W1. ln(body mass) = -5,768+3.011 x (lnMc10); W2. ln(body mass) = 3.151+2.665 x (lnMc13); W3. ln(body mass) = -4.525+1.434 x (ln(Mc10 x Mc13)); W4. ln(body mass) = -4.362+2.634 x (lnMt10); W5. ln(body mass) = -4.552+3.100 x (lnMt13); W6. ln(body mass) = -4.585+1.443 x (ln(Mt10 x Mt13)).

Fig. 8 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 8. Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the RPl skull (A) and third metatarsal (B) with the Vallesian hipparions from Sinap, Turkey. Hipparion mediterraneum from Pikermi (Koufos 1987a) is used as standard of comparison. The metrical data for the Sinap material were provided to me by Raymond L. Bernor (unpublished material, personal communication, 2007).

Fig.12 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig.12. Plication number of the upper cheek teeth of Hipparion macedonicum from the various Greek localities.

Fig. 9 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 9. Stratigraphic table indicating the distribution of Hipparion macedonicum in Europe. The geomagnetic time scale is from Cande and Kent (1995). The shaded area in the MN zones express the different opinions for the MN 12/13 boundary; according to Sen (1997) it is at ~7.0 Ma while according to Steininger et al. (1999) it is at ~6.6 Ma.

Fig. 7 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 7. Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the RPl third metatarsal with Hipparion macedonicum and other small-sized hipparions from various localities. Hipparion mediterraneum from Pikermi (Koufos 1987a) is used as standard of comparison. The metrical data for the hipparions from Greek localities and AKK are from my own archive; those for Hipparion moldavicum from TAR and Hipparion elegans from PAV are taken from http://www. vera-eisenmann.com.

Fig. 5 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 5. Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the RPl skull with Hipparion macedonicum and other small-sized hipparions from various localities. Hipparion mediterraneum from Pikermi (Koufos 1987a) is used as standard of comparison. The metrical data for the hipparions from Greek localities and AKK are from author's archive; those for Hipparion moldavicum from TAR and H. elegans from PAV are taken from http://www.vera-eisenmann.com.

Fig. 4 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 4. Principal component analysis of the skull (A), mandible (B), and third metatarsal (C) of the RPl small-sized hipparion in comparison with other small-sized forms of Eurasia, indicating its strong size-similarities with Hipparion macedonicum. As the available specimens are fragmentary, lacking measurements the mean cranial dimensions for each locality are used. The used variables (various measurements of the skull, mandible and MtIII) and their influence to the distinction of the specimens is given in the left part of the diagrams. The convex hulls indicate the allocation of the measurements in the space for its sample. Hipparion dietrichi, Hipparion mediterraneum, and Hipparion proboscideum or Hipparion cf. proboscideum are used as comparative samples. Hipparion macedonicum: 1, NKT; 2, NIK; 3, RZO; 4, PXM; 5, VATH; 6, PER. Hipparion matthewi: 7, Samos (unknown locality), holotype; 8, KTA-B. Hipparion cf. matthwei: 9, MTLA. Hipparion sithonis: 10, NIK. aff. Hipparion forstenae: 11, MTLA; 12, Samos Q1. Hipparion →

Fig. 6 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 6. Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the RPl mandible with Hipparion macedonicum and other small-sized hipparions from various localities. Hipparion mediterraneum from Pikermi (Koufos 1987a) is used as standard of comparison. The metrical data for the hipparions from Greek localities and AKK are from my own archive; those for Hipparion moldavicum from TAR and Hipparion elegans from PAV are taken from http://www.vera-eisenmann.com.

Fig. 3. Equid Hipparion macedonicum Koufos, 1984 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 3. Equid Hipparion macedonicum Koufos, 1984 from Ravin de la Pluie, Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece), late Vallesian, MN 10 (Late Miocene). A. Holotype LGPUT RPl-21, mandible in right lateral (A1) and occlusal (A2) views. B. LGPUT RPl-286, mandible in right lateral (B1) and occlusal (B2) views. C. LGPUT RPl-125, mandible in left lateral (C1) and occlusal (C2) views.

Fig. 14 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 14. Habitat scores for the third metacarpals (A) and metatarsals (B) of Hipparion macedonicum from the various Greek localities; the habitat scores are calculated following Scott (2004). Dots indicate outliers and asterisks single specimens.

Fig. 2. Equid Hipparion macedonicum Koufos, 1984 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 2. Equid Hipparion macedonicum Koufos, 1984 from Ravin de la Pluie, Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece), late Vallesian, MN 10 (Late Miocene). A. LGPUT RPl-142, right frontal part of skull in lateral (A1) and occlusal (A2) views, right tooth row in occlusal view (A3). B. LGPUT RPl-37, left tooth row in occlusal view.

Fig. 13 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 13. Slenderness and Keel indexes for the third metacarpal (A, B) and metatarsal (C, D) of Hipparion macedonicum from the various Greek localities. Dots indicate outliers.

FIG. 6 in Latest Hipparion Christol, 1832 in Europe. A review of the Pliocene Hipparion crassum Gervais Group and other finds (Mammalia, Equidae)

FIG. 6. — Simpson's ratio diagram, comparing the means of the hypodigm sample of MCIII from Perpignan (own data) with single specimen from Ptolemais (data Koufos 1982: 232, table). Standard (in common logs) and measurements (in mm): 1, length 2.29; 2, proximal breadth 1.63; 3, proximal diameter 1.485; 4, diameter of proximal articular surface 1.445; 5, distal articular breadth 1.59; 6, distal protuberance breadth 1.63; 7, distal keel diameter 1.48; 8, midshaft breadth 1.49.

FIG. 11 in Latest Hipparion Christol, 1832 in Europe. A review of the Pliocene Hipparion crassum Gervais Group and other finds (Mammalia, Equidae)

FIG. 11. — Simpson's ratio diagram, comparing the means of the hypodigm sample of MTIII from Perpignan (data own and Samson 1975: table 8) with sample means of Hipparion theobaldi Lydekker, 1877 from Dhok Pathan, Siwaliks (own data) and with single specimen from Roussillon. Standard (in common logs) and measurements (in mm): 1, length 2.36; 2, proximal breadth 1.63; 3, proximal diameter 1.55; 4, diameter of proximal articular surface 1.50; 5, distal articular breadth 1.58; 6, distal protuberance breadth 1.62; 7, distal keel diameter 1.50; 8, midshaft breadth 1.47.

FIG. 9 in Latest Hipparion Christol, 1832 in Europe. A review of the Pliocene Hipparion crassum Gervais Group and other finds (Mammalia, Equidae)

FIG. 9. — Simpson's ratio diagram, comparing the means of the hypodigm sample of MTIII from Perpignan (own data and Samson 1975: table 8) with sample means from Çalta (data own and Eisenmann & Sondaar 1998: table 13) and single specimens from Roussillon and Iarăs-Cariera (data Samson 1975: table 8). Standard (in common logs) and measurements (in mm): 1, length 2.36; 2, proximal breadth 1.63; 3, proximal diameter 1.55; 4, diameter of proximal articular surface 1.50; 5, distal articular breadth 1.58; 6, distal protuberance breadth 1.62; 7, distal keel diameter 1.50; 8, midshaft breadth 1.47.

FIG. 5 in Latest Hipparion Christol, 1832 in Europe. A review of the Pliocene Hipparion crassum Gervais Group and other finds (Mammalia, Equidae)

FIG. 5. — Simpson's ratio diagram, comparing single MCIII from Le Soler (data Alberdi & Aymar 1995: table 2) with sample means from Polgardi and Baltavar (own data). Standard (in common logs) and measurements (in mm): 1, length 2.29; 2, proximal breadth 1.63; 3, proximal diameter 1.485; 4, diameter of proximal articular surface 1.445; 5, distal articular breadth 1.59; 6, distal protuberance breadth 1.63; 7, keel diameter 1.48; 8, midshaft breadth 1.49.

FIG. 3 in Latest Hipparion Christol, 1832 in Europe. A review of the Pliocene Hipparion crassum Gervais Group and other finds (Mammalia, Equidae)

FIG. 3. — Simpson's ratio diagram, comparing the means of the hypodigm sample of MTIII from Perpignan (own data and Samson 1975: table 8) with single specimen from Montpellier. Standard (in common logs) and measurements (in mm): 1, length 2.36; 2, proximal breadth 1.63; 3, proximal diameter 1.55; 4, diameter of proximal articular surface 1.50; 5, distal articular breadth 1.58; 6, distal protuberance breadth 1.62; 7, distal keel diameter 1.50; 8, midshaft breadth 1.47.

FIG. 1. — A, left upper M1-2 in Latest Hipparion Christol, 1832 in Europe. A review of the Pliocene Hipparion crassum Gervais Group and other finds (Mammalia, Equidae)

FIG. 1. — A, left upper M1-2 (Ipswich Borough Council Museum and Galleries R-1876-4.2) of Hipparion sp. of the crassum Group, probably from the Nodule Bed, Suffolk, England. Note strongly plicated enamel, short protocone, and open hypoconal groove; B, right lower p3-4 (IPSMG R-1876-4.11) of Hipparion sp. of the crassum Group, probably from the Nodule Bed, Suffolk, England. Note crenulated enamel and the lack of a protostylid.

FIG. 2 in Latest Hipparion Christol, 1832 in Europe. A review of the Pliocene Hipparion crassum Gervais Group and other finds (Mammalia, Equidae)

FIG. 2. — Simpson's ratio diagram, comparing the means of the hypodigm sample of MTIII from Perpignan (data own and Samson 1975: table 8) with single specimen from Roussillon. Standard (in common logs) and measurements (in mm): 1, length 2.36; 2, proximal breadth 1.63; 3, proximal diameter 1.55; 4, diameter of proximal articular surface 1.50; 5, distal articular breadth 1.58; 6, distal protuberance breadth 1.62; 7, distal keel diameter 1.50; 8, midshaft breadth 1.47.