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Figure 8 in The morphology, ontogeny, and inferred behaviour of the deep-sea echinoid Calymne relicta (Holasteroida)

Figure 8. Ontogeny of Calymne relicta from MCZ 8571, R/V 'Atlantis' cruise 24, station 122. For each set of drawings, from left to right: apical view, oral view, and left side. The periproct and peristome are in black, and the interambulacral plates are shaded. In some specimens, the sutures are omitted because they were not discernible, and only primary tubercles are shown (some still with spines attached). All scale bars are 1 mm long. A, just-postlarval imago. B, very small

Figure 7 in The morphology, ontogeny, and inferred behaviour of the deep-sea echinoid Calymne relicta (Holasteroida)

Figure 7. Pedicellariae of Calymne relicta. A, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of interior view of type 1 rostrate valve. B, SEM of interior view of type 1 rostrate stem. C, SEM of interior view of type 2 rostrate valve. D, SEM of interior view of type 3 rostrate valve. E, drawing of two of the three valves of an ophicephalous pedicellaria showing position in life relative to the stem. F, SEM of interior view of triphyllous valve. G, drawing of sphaeridium. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

Figure 5 in The morphology, ontogeny, and inferred behaviour of the deep-sea echinoid Calymne relicta (Holasteroida)

Figure 5. Location of spine types on Calymne relicta plotted on specimen from R/V 'Akademik Kurchatov' cruise 37, station 3787. For each view of entire specimen, the orientation of the power stroke as suggested by tubercle asymmetry is indicated by the direction of the small lines leading away from the dot. The upper drawing of the entire specimen is an oblique view from the anterior-dorsal, anterior to the right. The lower drawing of the entire specimen is an oblique view from the posterior-ventral, anterior to the right. Shaded bands indicate the position of the fasciole. For each spine drawing (except for the clavule), the image on the left is a 'frontal' view, the one on the right is a 'side' view. Scale bar at lower right is for the spines, which are all drawn to scale.

Figure 4 in The morphology, ontogeny, and inferred behaviour of the deep-sea echinoid Calymne relicta (Holasteroida)

Figure 4. Plate architecture of Calymne relicta. For each, the fasciole is indicated by bands of small, open circles, the interambulacra are shaded, mouth and anal openings are black, some plate sutures are omitted because they were not visible on the specimen. The plates of the posterior interambulacrum are numbered according to Lovén's rule. Scale bars are 5 mm long. A, oral surface of adult specimen from R/V 'Akademik Kurchatov' cruise 37, station 3787, anterior towards top of page. B, posterior surface of specimen in (A). C, left side of specimen from MCZ 8571, R/V 'Atlantis' cruise 24, station 122, position of mouth indicated by dashed line. D, posterior surface of specimen in (C), viewed slightly more from the oral surface than view shown in (B).

Figure 6 in The morphology, ontogeny, and inferred behaviour of the deep-sea echinoid Calymne relicta (Holasteroida)

Figure 6. Drawings of spines of Calymne relicta, depicted as viewed with transmitted light microscopy. Scale bar at uppermost refers to (A)–(E), at lower left to (F) and (G), at lower right to (H). A, 'frontal' view of type L3. B, 'side' view of type L3. C, 'side' view of type L4. D, 'frontal' view of type S1. E, 'frontal' view of type S3. F, 'frontal' view of miliary. G, 'side' view of miliary. H, clavule from fasciole.

Figure 3 in The morphology, ontogeny, and inferred behaviour of the deep-sea echinoid Calymne relicta (Holasteroida)

Figure 3. Apical system plate architecture of Calymne relicta (MCZ 8571) from R/V 'Atlantis' cruise 24, station 122, anterior towards top of page, interambulacral plates shaded, apical plates labelled according to Lovén's system. A, adult specimen approximately 30 mm long. B, juvenile specimen (lacking gonopores) 11.3 mm in test length.

Figure 1 in The morphology, ontogeny, and inferred behaviour of the deep-sea echinoid Calymne relicta (Holasteroida)

Figure 1. Map of northern Atlantic Ocean showing localities and depths from which Calymne relicta has been collected. A, type locality of specimen in Natural History Museum, London. B, R/V 'Atlantis II' cruise 24, station 122. C, R/V 'Akademik Mstislav Keldysh', cruise 23, station 2462. D, R/V 'Akademik Kurchatov', cruise 37, station 3787.

Figure 2. Specimen from R in The morphology, ontogeny, and inferred behaviour of the deep-sea echinoid Calymne relicta (Holasteroida)

Figure 2. Specimen from R/V 'Akademik Kurchatov' cruise 37, station 3787. A, aboral surface. B, oral surface. C, anterior surface. D, posterior surface. E, right side.

Figure 11 in Systematic assessment of the Atelostomata (Spatangoida and Holasteroida; irregular echinoids) based on spine microstructure

Figure 11. View of the cylinder of spines of atelostomate echinoids of early–middle Albian age (Falkland Plateau; A, GZG.INV.94999; B, GZG.INV.95000). A, view on the inner side: pores are arranged in a horizontal pattern (right half of the image), but from approximately half of the image the pattern changes to helicoidal. B, view on the outer side: pores are arranged in a helicoidal pattern throughout. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Figure 10 in Systematic assessment of the Atelostomata (Spatangoida and Holasteroida; irregular echinoids) based on spine microstructure

Figure 10. View of the inner side of the cylinder of a spine of Corystus relictus (ZMUC-ECH-605): pores are arranged in a horizontal pattern (left half), but from approximately half of the image this changes to a helicoidal pattern. Scale bar: 20 μm.

Figure 9 in Systematic assessment of the Atelostomata (Spatangoida and Holasteroida; irregular echinoids) based on spine microstructure

Figure 9. Scatter plot showing the relationship between number of wedges and spine diameter, including convex hulls for each group; for a better overview only higher systematic levels are distinguished, where possible.

Figure 7 in Systematic assessment of the Atelostomata (Spatangoida and Holasteroida; irregular echinoids) based on spine microstructure

Figure 7. Simplified phylogenetic tree showing the different observed characters for each family (after Kroh & Smith, 2010; for a more detailed phylogeny of the Holasteroida, see Smith, 2004; Mironov, Dilman & Krylova, 2013).

Figure 8 in Systematic assessment of the Atelostomata (Spatangoida and Holasteroida; irregular echinoids) based on spine microstructure

Figure 8. Box plot showing the mean values and ranges of distance between wedges for the atelostomate families studied (the numbers on the vertical axis represent distance between the wedges/width of the wedges); families that show no distance between wedges are not presented (Micrasteridae, Spatangidae, Maretiidae, Palaeotropidae, Eurypatagidae, Plexechinidae, Corystusidae, Urechinidae, Carnarechinidae, and Calymnidae).

Figure 2 in Systematic assessment of the Atelostomata (Spatangoida and Holasteroida; irregular echinoids) based on spine microstructure

Figure 2. Spine morphology: general (A), spatangoid spine in section (B), and internal structure in a broken spine of Spatangus raschi (C). Abbreviations: br, bridges; cy, cylinder; we, wedge.

Figure 3 in Systematic assessment of the Atelostomata (Spatangoida and Holasteroida; irregular echinoids) based on spine microstructure

Figure 3. Ornamentation of spines: A, Abatus cordatus (ZMB.Ech 2230_5); B, Breynia australisae (ZMUC-ECH-610); C, Tripylaster philippii (ZMUC-ECH-612); D, Moira atropos (ZMUC-ECH-613); E, Pourtalesia heptneri (ZMUC-ECH-655); F, Paleopneustes cristatus (ZMUC-ECH-113); G, Amphipneustes lorioli (ZMUC-ECH-666); H, Echinosigra phiale (ZMB.Ech 5436_2); I, Rhynobrissus pyramidalis (GZG.INV.78903). Scale bars: (A) 30 μm; (B–F, H) 100 μm; (G, I) 20 μm.

Figure 6 in Systematic assessment of the Atelostomata (Spatangoida and Holasteroida; irregular echinoids) based on spine microstructure

Figure 6. Perforation of the internal cylinder: A, horizontal arrangement in Ceratophysa rosea (ZMB.Ech-7419); B, helicoidal arrangement in Gymnopatagus magnus (ZMUC-ECH-641). Scale bars: 20 μm.

Figure 5 in Systematic assessment of the Atelostomata (Spatangoida and Holasteroida; irregular echinoids) based on spine microstructure

Figure 5. Wedge shapes: A, Echinocardium group, Linopneustes fragilis (ZMUC-ECH-643); B, Brissus group, Sternopatagus sibogae (ZMB.Ech-7426); C, Brissus group, Echinocardium mediteraneum (ZMUC-ECH-622); D, Prenaster group, Tripylus excavatus (ZMUC-ECH-637); E, Prenaster group, Plesiozonus diomedeae (ZMUC-ECH-135); F, Prenaster group, Amphipneustes marsupialis (ZMUC-ECH-640). Scale bars: (A, B, D, E) 20 μm; (C) 10 μm; (F) 100 μm.

Figure 4 in Systematic assessment of the Atelostomata (Spatangoida and Holasteroida; irregular echinoids) based on spine microstructure

Figure 4. Ornamentation of spines: A–D, Echinocardium cordatum (GZG.INV.78890); E–G, Brissus agassizii (GZG.INV.78900); H–J, Holanthus expergitus (ZMUC-ECH-651). Scale bars: (A) 200 μm; (B–D) 40 μm; (E) 1 mm; (F–J) 100 μm.

Figure 1 in Systematic assessment of the Atelostomata (Spatangoida and Holasteroida; irregular echinoids) based on spine microstructure

Figure 1. Test with spines (Brissus latecarinatus, ZMUC-ECH-602): apical side (A), oral side (B). Arrows indicate, approximately, the locations from where spines were generally collected (ap, apical; la, lateral; pl, plastronal). Scale bar: 1 cm.