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FIGURE 5. Principal components analysis depicting morphometric variables distinguishing northern subspecies, H. l in Phylogenetic structure of Holbrookia lacerata (Cope 1880) (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae): one species or two?

FIGURE 5. Principal components analysis depicting morphometric variables distinguishing northern subspecies, H. l. lacerata (green), from southern subspecies, H. l. subcaudalis (purple).

FIGURE 9 in Phylogenetic structure of Holbrookia lacerata (Cope 1880) (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae): one species or two?

FIGURE 9. Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) views of Tamaulipan Spot-tailed Earless Lizard (Holbrookia subcaudalis) holotype specimen collected by Ralph W. Axtell on 6 June 1955 and housed at Texas Natural History Collection, University of Texas (TNHC 20000).

FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetic structure of Holbrookia lacerata (Cope 1880) (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae): one species or two?

FIGURE 1. The shaded portion of the map depicts the historical distribution of Holbrookia lacerata (IUCN). The green and red triangles are localities for the historically divided northern (H. l. lacerata) and southern (H. l. subcaudalis) subspecies, respectively. The samples collected for this study are depicted as red or green circles. The orange line represents the Balcones Escarpment. The photograph outlined in red is a male Holbrookia subcaudalis from Jim Wells County, Texas and the photograph outlined in green is a male H. lacerata from Schleicher County, Texas. Photographs by Toby J. Hibbitts.

FIGURE 8 in Phylogenetic structure of Holbrookia lacerata (Cope 1880) (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae): one species or two?

FIGURE 8. Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) views of Plateau Spot-tailed Earless Lizard (Holbrookia lacerata) lectotype specimen collected by G.W. Marnock in May 1879 and housed at Smithsonian (USNM 10160).

FIGURE 7. Histograms showing D in Phylogenetic structure of Holbrookia lacerata (Cope 1880) (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae): one species or two?

FIGURE 7. Histograms showing D statistic from randomization tests for niche equivalency (A) and background similarity (B). Red diamond pointer shows D statistic position along x-axis.

FIGURE 3 in Phylogenetic structure of Holbrookia lacerata (Cope 1880) (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae): one species or two?

FIGURE 3. The map depicts the locations of tissue samples used in the analysis. In all cases the northern species (Holbrookia lacerata) is green. The southwestern population of the southern species (Holbrookia subcaudalis) is red and the southeastern population of the southern species is blue. Median-joining network (left) of the observed 38 haplotypes for ND2 mtDNA gene sequences of 66 spot-tailed earless lizard individuals. Circle sizes are proportional to frequencies of haplotypes. Black circles indicate missing intermediates (unsampled). Cross-hatches represent mutational steps with all greater than four denoted by the number of steps. Bayesian analysis of the mtDNA ND2 gene (right). Numbers at the nodes are posterior probability values. Asterisks indicate values = 1.

FIGURE 6 in Phylogenetic structure of Holbrookia lacerata (Cope 1880) (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae): one species or two?

FIGURE 6. Projections for Maxent models into geographic space. The southwestern border between Texas and Mexico is shown as a black segmented line. The color gradient in each panel is identical, ranges from 0 to 0.8, and shows the raw Maxent values (higher values indicate higher suitability for each population). A) Projection of the Maxent model for Holbrookia lacerata lacerata shows there is no suitable habitat where H. l. subcaudalis occur. Holbrookia l. subcaudalis are indicated with the black plus sign. B) Projection of the Maxent model for the H. l. subcaudalis shows there is little suitable habitat where H. l. lacerata occur. Holbrookia l. lacerata are indicated with the black plus sign.

FIGURE 4 in Phylogenetic structure of Holbrookia lacerata (Cope 1880) (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae): one species or two?

FIGURE 4. Median-joining network (left) of the observed 36 haplotypes for RAG-1 nuclear DNA gene of 66 spottailed earless lizard individuals. Black circles indicate missing intermediates (unsampled). Cross-hatches represent mutational steps with all greater than four denoted by the number of steps. Bayesian analysis of the nuclear DNA RAG-1 gene (right). Numbers at the nodes are posterior probability values. Asterisks indicate values = 1.

FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetic structure of Holbrookia lacerata (Cope 1880) (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae): one species or two?

FIGURE 2. Morphological characters used to distinguish northern and southern subspecies from one another. The two images on the left are from a single northern (H. l. lacerata) male (dorsal and ventral view). The two images on the right are from a single southern (H. l. subcaudalis) female (dorsal and ventral view).

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Figure 3 in Mitochondrial genetic variation within and between Holbrookia lacerata lacerata and Holbrookia lacerata subcaudalis, the spot-tailed earless lizards of Texas

Figure 3. Hind limb blotches of (a) Holbrookia lacerata lacerata (UTA R 63333) and (b) H. l. subcaudalis (UTA R 63303). In H. l. lacerata, most blotches are oblong and fused into bands. In H. l. subcaudalis, blotches are ellipsoid.

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Figure 2 in Mitochondrial genetic variation within and between Holbrookia lacerata lacerata and Holbrookia lacerata subcaudalis, the spot-tailed earless lizards of Texas

Figure 2. Bayesian phylogeny of whole mitochondrial genomes from Holbrookia lacerata lacerata and H. l. subcaudalis, with H. maculata and H. propinqua as outgroup taxa. Numerical values are Bayesian posterior probabilities; all other nodes represent values> 0.95. The scale bar represents percent genetic divergence.

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Figure 1 in Mitochondrial genetic variation within and between Holbrookia lacerata lacerata and Holbrookia lacerata subcaudalis, the spot-tailed earless lizards of Texas

Figure 1. Sampling map of the focal taxa (Holbrookia lacerata lacerata and H. l. subcaudalis) and outgroup taxa (H. maculata and H. propinqua). The sampling ranges for the nominal taxa are representative of their current distributions. The historical distribution of H. lacerata is represented by the dotted line, while the Balcones Fault/Escarpment, the natural biogeographic barrier between the two subspecies, is represented by the solid black line.

Figure 3 in Natural history of the spot-tailed earless lizards (Holbrookia lacerata and H. subcaudalis)

Figure 3. Distribution of median movement and home range estimates for adult female and male Holbrookia lacerata (HOLA) and H. subcaudalis (HOSU) in Crockett County and Laughlin Air Force Base, respectively. Abbreviations follow Table 2.

Figure 2 in Natural history of the spot-tailed earless lizards (Holbrookia lacerata and H. subcaudalis)

Figure 2. Number of total and positive surveys for Holbrookia lacerata (left) and H. subcaudalis (right) in Texas by month.

Figure 4 in Natural history of the spot-tailed earless lizards (Holbrookia lacerata and H. subcaudalis)

Figure 4. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling plot for (a) Holbrookia lacerata and (b) H. subcaudalis microhabitat comparisons. Open squares represent values of microhabitat variables measured at points used by lizards; closed circles represent available microhabitat measured along transects. Large circles represent 95% standard deviation ellipses with the dotted line encircling used points and the solid line encircling available points. Distance-to-road is abbreviated as DistRd.

Figure 1 in Natural history of the spot-tailed earless lizards (Holbrookia lacerata and H. subcaudalis)

Figure 1. Current and historic distribution of Holbrookia lacerata (A; top photo of male) and H. subcaudalis (B; bottom photo of male) in Texas. Black stars indicate the study areas for each species. Photo credits: T.J. Hibbitts.