Find research datasets worth reusing

FIG. 2 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 2. — Free-body diagram of the phalanx in the different scenarios. This figure depicts the boundary conditions, areas of insertion of muscles, and direction of forces. For all loading configurations, joint reaction forces resulted from the rigid boundary constraints that were fixed at the distal joint in X, Y and Z-axes (light blue area), and at the proximal joint in the X-axis (dark blue area). The hammer reaction force (HRF) was applied to the entire palmar surface of the bone. 3.29 N for the HRF was simulated for Sc 1 and 3, and 7.65 N for Sc 2 and 4. Phalanges are shown in palmar (right) and radial (left) views.

FIG. 5 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 5. — Box-plots of von Mises stress (MPa) distribution for all species under different scenarios, until Q95 (Sc 1 in grey, Sc 2 in yellow, Sc 3 in green and Sc 4 in red). The first row shows stress distribution of the models using the extant human as a reference to scale muscular forces in all other specimens, whereas the second one shows the results when the chimpanzee is used as a reference. Species are ordered from higher to lower peak stresses.

FIG. 1 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 1. — Biomechanical model of hammerstone use: B, corresponds to a zoom in palmar view of the area of interest during A, the grip of a human individual (based on Marzke et al. 1998). B, shows the angles of the muscular forces acting on the PP1. HRF is in 90° relative to the horizontal line for scenarios 1 and 2 and in 45° for scenarios 2 and 4. This force was applied on the entire palmar surface of the PP1 except in the joint areas and is represented with a hatched rectangle. Angles of the muscle forces are shown relative to the horizontal line. Abbreviations: FAP, Adductor Pollicis Force; FAPB, Abductor Pollicis Brevis Force; FFPB, Flexor Pollicis Brevis Force; EPB, direction force was applied in 16.7° and is not showed here as it attached on the dorsal surface of the PP1. Grey rectangles represent the origin areas of the muscles.

FIG. 3 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 3. — Von Mises stress maps for all analyzed species under different loading scenarios using the extant human as reference to scale the simulated muscular forces in all other specimens. Species are ordered from higher to lower peak stresses values. Phalanges are shown at the same length. MPa bar is set at 12 MPa.

FIG. 4 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

FIG. 4. — Von Mises stress maps for all analyzed species under different loading scenarios using the chimpanzee as reference to scale the simulated muscular forces in all other specimens. Species are ordered from higher to lower peak stresses values. Images are not scaled. MPa is set at 25 MPa.

TABLE 2 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

<p>TABLE 2. — Percentage of main locomotor behavoir of the non-human sample, according to Hunt (2004).</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Taxon</b></th><th><b>Climb</b></th><th><b>Braquiate</b></th><th><b>Clamber</b></th><th><b>Walk</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>6.5</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.0</td><td>89.9</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>19.7</td><td>3.6</td><td>0.0</td><td>64.4</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>31.3</td><td>15.5</td><td>40.7</td><td>12.0</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>34.2</td><td>51.2</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-zeroDec 2009View details →

FIG. 3 in (Mammalia, Primates, Hominoidea): virtual reconstruction and 3D analysis of a juvenile mandibular dentition (RPl-82 and RPl-83)

FIG. 3. — μCT-based comparative enamel thickness and dentine shape variation of the lower deciduous second molar (m2) and permanent first molar (M1) in Ouranopithecus Bonis & Melentis, 1877, Homo Linnaeus, 1758, Pan Oken, 1816, and Gorilla Saint-Hillaire, 1853. Crowns have been digitally isolated from roots and are shown in lingual, occlusal, and buccal views. The enamel thickness topographic variation (upper row for each taxon) is rendered by a thickness-related grey scale (ranging from "thin" light to "thick" dark), specific for each investigated tooth. Isolated dark spots correspond to cuspal dental wear. Dentine partial volume (lower rows) is virtually rendered by enamel transparency. Scale bar: 5 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2009View details →

FIG. 1 in (Mammalia, Primates, Hominoidea): virtual reconstruction and 3D analysis of a juvenile mandibular dentition (RPl-82 and RPl-83)

FIG. 1. — μCT-based 3D virtual reconstruction of the juvenile Ouranopithecus Bonis & Melentis, 1977 partial mandible bearing a mixed dentition from the late Miocene site of Ravin de la Pluie (Macedonia, Greece). The two portions, RPl-82 (left partial ramus) and RPl-83 (right partial ramus), are here shown in frontal view: A, RPl-83; B, RPl-82; C, D, RPl-83 and RPl-82 rendered in semi-transparency with indication of the deciduous and permanent dental elements preserved in situ. Abbreviations: see text. Scale bar: 10 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2009View details →

FIG. 2 in (Mammalia, Primates, Hominoidea): virtual reconstruction and 3D analysis of a juvenile mandibular dentition (RPl-82 and RPl-83)

FIG. 2. — μCT-based virtual sections of six deciduous (Li2, Lc, Rc, Lm1, Rm1, Rm2) and eight permanent tooth crowns (LI2, RI2, LC, RC, LP3, RP3, RP4, RM1) from the juvenile Ouranopithecus Bonis & Melentis, 1977 partial mandible (RPl-82 and RPl-83). Abbreviations: see text; BL, buccolingual; BLm, buccolingual through the mesial cusps; BLd, buccolingual through the distal cusps; MD, mediodistal; MDl, mesiodistal through the lingual cusps; MDb, mesiodistal through the buccal cusps. Scale bar: 1 cm.

APPENDIX 3 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

<p>APPENDIX 3. — Mesh-weighted arithmetic mean (<b>MWAM</b>), mesh-weighted median (<b>MWM</b>), quartiles values (<b>Q25</b>, <b>50</b>, <b>75</b> and <b>95</b>), percentage error of the arithmetic mean (<b>PEofAM</b>) and percentage error of the median (<b>PEofM</b>) for each species and loading scenario, under chimpanzee-scaled conditions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>SPECIE</th><th>SCENARIO</th><th><b>N of Elements</b></th><th><b>MWAM</b></th><th><b>MWM</b></th><th><b>Q25</b></th><th><b>Q50</b></th><th><b>Q75</b></th><th><b>M95</b></th><th><b>PEofAM</b></th><th><b>PEofM</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1</td><td>160104</td><td>8.0122</td><td>7.6599</td><td>4.2909</td><td>7.8345</td><td>11.4830</td><td>14.6530</td><td>0.0387</td><td>2.2794</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>2</td><td>160104</td><td>5.7312</td><td>5.4881</td><td>3.0880</td><td>5.6170</td><td>8.2101</td><td>10.4363</td><td>0.0341</td><td>2.3483</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>3</td><td>160104</td><td>8.0771</td><td>7.7090</td><td>4.3233</td><td>7.8865</td><td>11.5780</td><td>14.7960</td><td>0.0417</td><td>2.3024</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>4</td><td>160104</td><td>5.8607</td><td>5.5899</td><td>3.1557</td><td>5.7215</td><td>8.3844</td><td>10.7170</td><td>0.0419</td><td>2.3534</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>1</td><td>225743</td><td>7.5983</td><td>5.4469</td><td>3.0316</td><td>5.5620</td><td>11.3770</td><td>19.8150</td><td>0.7364</td><td>2.1135</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>2</td><td>225743</td><td>5.3623</td><td>3.8494</td><td>2.1389</td><td>3.9323</td><td>8.0325</td><td>13.9420</td><td>0.7334</td><td>2.1536</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>3</td><td>225720</td><td>7.6821</td><td>5.4907</td><td>3.0617</td><td>5.6072</td><td>11.4980</td><td>20.0690</td><td>0.7328</td><td>2.1222</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>4</td><td>225689</td><td>5.5209</td><td>3.9340</td><td>2.1951</td><td>4.0167</td><td>8.2813</td><td>14.4290</td><td>0.7156</td><td>2.1020</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>1</td><td>240469</td><td>7.5408</td><td>5.7398</td><td>3.1415</td><td>5.8463</td><td>10.7260</td><td>19.1300</td><td>1.6003</td><td>1.8559</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>2</td><td>240461</td><td>5.3229</td><td>4.0535</td><td>2.2448</td><td>4.1316</td><td>7.5691</td><td>13.4480</td><td>1.5817</td><td>1.9264</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>3</td><td>240469</td><td>7.6103</td><td>5.7887</td><td>3.1663</td><td>5.8917</td><td>10.8170</td><td>19.3540</td><td>1.6076</td><td>1.7799</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>4</td><td>240460</td><td>5.4615</td><td>4.1433</td><td>2.2936</td><td>4.2210</td><td>7.7516</td><td>13.9010</td><td>1.6017</td><td>1.8739</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1</td><td>327267</td><td>7.5848</td><td>6.5180</td><td>4.1315</td><td>6.6614</td><td>10.0078</td><td>15.9652</td><td>0.1499</td><td>2.2001</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>2</td><td>327267</td><td>5.3112</td><td>4.5847</td><td>2.9071</td><td>4.6850</td><td>6.9811</td><td>11.1340</td><td>0.1473</td><td>2.1877</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>3</td><td>327267</td><td>7.7032</td><td>6.5956</td><td>4.1665</td><td>6.7425</td><td>10.1980</td><td>16.2770</td><td>0.1521</td><td>2.2272</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>4</td><td>327267</td><td>5.5459</td><td>4.7386</td><td>2.9746</td><td>4.8493</td><td>7.3571</td><td>11.7390</td><td>0.1536</td><td>2.3361</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>1</td><td>199857</td><td>7.9291</td><td>6.5783</td><td>4.2297</td><td>6.7471</td><td>10.3643</td><td>18.0617</td><td>0.6350</td><td>2.5660</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>2</td><td>199857</td><td>5.6296</td><td>4.6925</td><td>3.0326</td><td>4.8168</td><td>7.3231</td><td>12.7377</td><td>0.6308</td><td>2.6495</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>3</td><td>199782</td><td>8.0098</td><td>6.6472</td><td>4.2716</td><td>6.8239</td><td>10.4630</td><td>18.2554</td><td>0.6575</td><td>2.6582</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>4</td><td>199782</td><td>5.7884</td><td>4.8286</td><td>3.1119</td><td>4.9592</td><td>7.5206</td><td>13.1060</td><td>0.6481</td><td>2.7040</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>1</td><td>311442</td><td>12.1044</td><td>10.4260</td><td>6.1984</td><td>10.5940</td><td>16.2630</td><td>26.8950</td><td>0.1734</td><td>1.6114</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>2</td><td>311431</td><td>8.6667</td><td>7.4740</td><td>4.4483</td><td>7.5885</td><td>11.6390</td><td>19.2340</td><td>0.1762</td><td>1.5325</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>3</td><td>311442</td><td>12.1825</td><td>10.4940</td><td>6.2322</td><td>10.6650</td><td>16.3650</td><td>27.0820</td><td>0.1744</td><td>1.6295</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>4</td><td>311442</td><td>8.8241</td><td>7.6109</td><td>4.5179</td><td>7.7380</td><td>11.8330</td><td>19.6238</td><td>0.1753</td><td>1.6704</td></tr></tbody></table>

APPENDIX 2 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

<p>APPENDIX 2. — Number of elements (N elements), mesh-weighted arithmetic mean (<b>MWAM</b>), mesh-weighted median (<b>MWM</b>), quartiles values (<b>Q25</b>, <b>50</b>, <b>75</b> and <b>95</b>), percentage error of the arithmetic mean (<b>PEofAM</b>) and percentage error of the median (<b>PeofM</b>) for each species and loading scenario, under human-scaled conditions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>INDIVIDUAL</th><th>SCENARIO</th><th><b>N of Elements</b></th><th><b>MWAM</b></th><th><b>MWM</b></th><th><b>Q25</b></th><th><b>Q50</b></th><th><b>Q75</b></th><th><b>M95</b></th><th><b>PEofAM</b></th><th><b>PEofM</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>1</td><td>225689</td><td>3.7540</td><td>2.6128</td><td>1.3997</td><td>2.6690</td><td>5.6844</td><td>10.0261</td><td>0.7130</td><td>2.1509</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>2</td><td>225729</td><td>2.5238</td><td>1.7800</td><td>0.9680</td><td>1.8227</td><td>3.8100</td><td>6.6442</td><td>0.7309</td><td>2.3997</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>3</td><td>225689</td><td>3.8349</td><td>2.6530</td><td>1.4269</td><td>2.7080</td><td>5.8135</td><td>10.2790</td><td>0.7100</td><td>2.0714</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>4</td><td>225710</td><td>2.6876</td><td>1.8662</td><td>1.0241</td><td>1.9051</td><td>4.0670</td><td>7.1455</td><td>0.7225</td><td>2.0867</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>1</td><td>240478</td><td>3.7401</td><td>2.7851</td><td>1.5604</td><td>2.8336</td><td>5.3814</td><td>9.6489</td><td>1.6161</td><td>1.7432</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>2</td><td>240469</td><td>2.5277</td><td>1.8985</td><td>1.0995</td><td>1.9326</td><td>3.6118</td><td>6.4210</td><td>1.5858</td><td>1.7975</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>3</td><td>240469</td><td>3.8275</td><td>2.8449</td><td>1.6271</td><td>2.8931</td><td>5.4883</td><td>9.8692</td><td>1.6163</td><td>1.6943</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>4</td><td>240471</td><td>2.6708</td><td>1.9879</td><td>1.1443</td><td>2.0203</td><td>3.8108</td><td>6.8892</td><td>1.6184</td><td>1.6299</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1</td><td>160103</td><td>4.1812</td><td>3.9750</td><td>2.2535</td><td>4.0610</td><td>5.9939</td><td>7.6454</td><td>0.0015</td><td>2.1631</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>2</td><td>160104</td><td>2.8698</td><td>2.7413</td><td>1.5694</td><td>2.8039</td><td>4.0960</td><td>5.1944</td><td>0.0004</td><td>2.2836</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>3</td><td>160046</td><td>4.2475</td><td>4.0192</td><td>2.2864</td><td>4.1141</td><td>6.0832</td><td>7.7941</td><td>0.0148</td><td>2.3599</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>4</td><td>160104</td><td>3.0042</td><td>2.8468</td><td>1.6410</td><td>2.9113</td><td>4.2753</td><td>5.4869</td><td>0.0164</td><td>2.2646</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1</td><td>225710</td><td>2.6876</td><td>1.8662</td><td>1.0241</td><td>1.9051</td><td>4.0670</td><td>7.1455</td><td>0.7225</td><td>2.0867</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>2</td><td>327267</td><td>2.4440</td><td>2.1049</td><td>1.3316</td><td>2.1522</td><td>3.1882</td><td>5.1728</td><td>0.1482</td><td>2.2471</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>3</td><td>327267</td><td>3.7738</td><td>3.1737</td><td>1.9572</td><td>3.2548</td><td>5.0131</td><td>8.1784</td><td>0.1610</td><td>2.5570</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>4</td><td>327267</td><td>2.6870</td><td>2.2688</td><td>1.3987</td><td>2.3215</td><td>3.5807</td><td>5.7799</td><td>0.1603</td><td>2.3228</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>1</td><td>199857</td><td>4.0409</td><td>3.3878</td><td>2.1630</td><td>3.4804</td><td>5.2597</td><td>9.1689</td><td>0.6450</td><td>2.7344</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>2</td><td>199857</td><td>2.7519</td><td>2.3201</td><td>1.5089</td><td>2.3899</td><td>3.5526</td><td>6.1413</td><td>0.6300</td><td>3.0085</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>3</td><td>199813</td><td>4.1216</td><td>3.4543</td><td>2.2075</td><td>3.5543</td><td>5.3691</td><td>9.3611</td><td>0.6596</td><td>2.8941</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>4</td><td>199813</td><td>2.9129</td><td>2.4571</td><td>1.5893</td><td>2.5330</td><td>3.7670</td><td>6.5330</td><td>0.6369</td><td>3.0885</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>1</td><td>311431</td><td>6.3313</td><td>5.4576</td><td>3.2272</td><td>5.5294</td><td>8.5269</td><td>14.0750</td><td>0.1785</td><td>1.3156</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>2</td><td>311442</td><td>4.3431</td><td>3.7514</td><td>2.2259</td><td>3.8016</td><td>5.8425</td><td>9.6143</td><td>0.1738</td><td>1.3370</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>3</td><td>311442</td><td>6.4105</td><td>5.5281</td><td>3.2583</td><td>5.6069</td><td>8.6284</td><td>14.2694</td><td>0.1767</td><td>1.4247</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>4</td><td>311442</td><td>4.5087</td><td>3.9023</td><td>2.3007</td><td>3.9605</td><td>6.0438</td><td>10.0180</td><td>0.1783</td><td>1.4927</td></tr></tbody></table>

TABLE 3 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

<p>TABLE 3. — Mesh characteristics for each one of the specimens.Abbreviations: <b>a</b>, volume of the cortical bone; <b>b</b>, volume of trabecular bone; <b>c</b>, number of elements used to create the mesh for each FE model.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Specimen</b></th><th><b>Volume CB (mm</b> <b>3</b><b>)</b> <b>a</b></th><th><b>Volume TB (mm</b> <b>3</b><b>)</b> <b>b</b></th><th><b>N <b>elementsc</b></b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Modern human</th><td>1012.8</td><td>651.1</td><td>225729</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>733.3</td><td>662.6</td><td>240469</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1046.1</td><td>178.6</td><td>160103</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1642.9</td><td>577.9</td><td>225710</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>610.1</td><td>542.8</td><td>199857</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>250.7</td><td>65.9</td><td>311431</td></tr></tbody></table>

APPENDIX 1 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

<p>APPENDIX 1. — Loads applied to the models for each one of the species under analysis and simulated loading scenarios. Abbreviations: <b>a</b>, forces (<b>N</b>) and angles (Ɵ) relative to the longitudinal axes of the bone; <b>b</b>, muscle forces for the human and chimpanzee reference models, respectively, are separate by a slash; <b>c</b>, force reactions in the proximal and distal joints were scaled to remove size effects when computing stress distributions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Specimen</th><th>SC</th><th>HRFa</th><th>FPB HS /FPB PTb</th><th>AP HS /AP PTb</th><th>EPB HS /EPB PTb</th><th>ABP HS /ABP PTb</th><th>JRFc d</th><th></th><th><b><b>JRFc</b> mc</b></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td><td><b>N</b></td><td>Ɵ</td></tr><tr><th>Modern Human</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>17.95/37.20 13.49/27.95 17.95/37.20 13.49/27.95</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>38.79/66.43 29.15/49.91 38.79/66.43 29.15/49.91</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>4.33/28.75 2.74/18.18 4.33/28.75 2.74/18.18</td><td>16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7</td><td>5.28/35.94 3.34/22.72 5.28/35.94 3.34/22.72</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>44.06/89.27 28.26/61.46 45.21/90.33 30.70/63.62</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>38.81/114.1 28.02/78.76 37.96/113.3 26.36/77.14</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Neanderthal</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>14.47/29.99 10.87/22.54 14.47/29.99 10.87/22.54</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>31.28/53.56 23.50/40.24 31.28/53.56 23.50/40.24</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>3.49/23.18 2.21/14.66 3.49/23.18 2.21/14.66</td><td>16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7</td><td>4.26/28.98 2.69/18.32 4.26/28.98 2.69/22.72</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>35.55/72.02 22.79/49.58 36.46/72.85 24.75/51.29</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>30.75/91.35 22.36/63.11 30.27/90.88 21.41/62.18</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Chimpanzee</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>18.34/38.01 13.78/28.56 18.34/38.01 13.78/28.56</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>39.64/67.88 29.78/51.00 39.64/67.88 29.78/51.00</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>– – – –</td><td>– – – –</td><td>5.39/36.72 3.41/23.22 5.39/36.76 3.41/23.22</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>43.78/82.63 28.05/57.36 45.11/83.92 30.92/60.02</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>35.51/90.61 26.15/64.17 35.78/90.89 26.7/64.7</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Gorilla</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>24.78/51.36 18.62/38.59 24.78/51.36 18.62/38.36</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>53.55/91.71 40.24/68.91 53.55/91.71 40.24/68.91</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>5.97/39.69 3.78/25.10 5.97/39.69 3.78/25.10</td><td>16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7</td><td>7.29/49.61 4.61/31.37 7.29/49.61 4.61/31.37</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>61.17/125.1 39.33/86.13 64.27/128.2 45.94/92.39</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>49.14/144.11 35.31/99.38 49.57/144.53 36.15/100.2</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Orangutan</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>19.74/40.91 14.83/30.74 19.74/40.91 14.83/30.74</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>42.66/73.06 32.06/54.90 42.66/73.06 32.06/54.90</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>– – – –</td><td>– – – –</td><td>5.80/39.52 3.67/24.99 5.80/39.52 3.67/24.99</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>47.62/89.76 30.56/62.34 49.01/91.09 33.44/65.02</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>47.85/117.2 34.51/82.77 50.55/119.84 39.78/87.92</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr><tr><th>Gibbon</th><td>1 2 3 4</td><td>3.92 7.65 3.92 7.65</td><td>90 90 45 45</td><td>7.08/14.66 5.32/11.02 7.08/14.66 5.32/11.02</td><td>45 45 45 45</td><td>15.29/26.1 11.49/19.68 15.29/26.19 11.49/19.68</td><td>61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2</td><td>– – – –</td><td>– – – –</td><td>2.08/14.17 1.32/8.96 2.08/14.17 1.32/8.96</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>17.75/32.87 11.25/22.87 17.88/33.25 12.1/23.65</td><td>180 180 180 180</td><td>19.08/45.46 13.75/32.18 19.64/46.00 14.84/33.24</td><td>180 180 180 180</td></tr></tbody></table>

TABLE 1 in Finite element analysis of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in Hominoidea during simulated stone tool use

<p>TABLE 1. — Sample. Abbreviations: <b>a</b>, age of individuals, if known; unk: unknown. <b>b</b>, M: male; F: female. <b>c</b>, R: right; L: left.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Species</b></th><th><b>Common name</b></th><th><b>Age a</b></th><th><b>Sex b</b></th><th><b>Side</b></th><th><b>Digital database/ <b>no</b></b></th><th><b>CT/microCT resolution (mm)</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Homo sapiens</i></th><td>Modern human</td><td>59</td><td>M</td><td>R</td><td>None</td><td>0.08</td></tr><tr><th><i>Homo neanderthalensis</i></th><td>Neanderthal</td><td>unk</td><td>unk</td><td>R</td><td>NESPOS/ Krapina 202</td><td>0.03</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pan troglodytes</i></th><td>Chimpanzee</td><td>29</td><td>M</td><td>L</td><td>KURPI/345</td><td>0.219</td></tr><tr><th><i>Gorilla gorilla</i></th><td>Gorilla</td><td>38</td><td>M</td><td>R</td><td>KUPRI/1353</td><td>0.500</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pongo pygmaeus</i></th><td>Orangutan</td><td>32</td><td>F</td><td>R</td><td>None</td><td>0.03</td></tr><tr><th><i>Hylobates lar</i></th><td>Gibbon</td><td>33</td><td>M</td><td>R</td><td>KUPRI/465</td><td>0.250</td></tr></tbody></table>