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Fig. 6 in Prevalence Of Hookworms, Uncinaria Lucasi (Anсylostomatidae), In Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus Ursinus) On St. Paul Island, Alaska

Fig. 6. Prevalence of Uncinaria lucasi parasitic L3 observed in the blubber of subadult NFS males on St. Paul Island since 1963.

Fig. 5 in Prevalence Of Hookworms, Uncinaria Lucasi (Anсylostomatidae), In Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus Ursinus) On St. Paul Island, Alaska

Fig. 5. Prevalence of Uncinaria lucasi adult nematodes observed in dead NFS pups on St. Paul Island since 1955.

Fig. 3 in Prevalence Of Hookworms, Uncinaria Lucasi (Anсylostomatidae), In Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus Ursinus) On St. Paul Island, Alaska

Fig. 3. Parasitic third stage hookworm larvae (L3) from the blubber of a northern fur seal male: A — general view of entire L3; B — anterior part of L3, lateral view; C — anterior part of L3, dorsal view.

Fig. 2 in Prevalence Of Hookworms, Uncinaria Lucasi (Anсylostomatidae), In Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus Ursinus) On St. Paul Island, Alaska

Fig. 2. Life cycle of Uncinaria lucasi (drawing adapted after Olsen, 1962): L1, L2 and L3 — free-living larvae of 1st, 2nd and 3rd stages.

Fig. 1. Uncinaria lucasi adults from a in Prevalence Of Hookworms, Uncinaria Lucasi (Anсylostomatidae), In Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus Ursinus) On St. Paul Island, Alaska

Fig. 1. Uncinaria lucasi adults from a northern fur seal pup Callorhinus ursinus: A — anterior end, dorsal view; B — anterior end, lateral view; C — male tail; D — female tail.

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Fig. 3 in The diversity and impact of hookworm infections in wildlife

Fig. 3. Host species diversity index for represented hookworm species, penalized by number of animals sampled (a) and the number of animal species sampled in each study (b).

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Fig. 2 in The diversity and impact of hookworm infections in wildlife

Fig. 2. Hookworm diversity index penalized by the citation principal component (citation-PC) of the host species (a) and the number of sampled animals of each host species (b). Bar colors indicate represented mammalian orders. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

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Fig. 1 in The diversity and impact of hookworm infections in wildlife

Fig. 1. Percentage of studies describing hookworm infections in wildlife hosts divided by continent (a) and the main methodology used to collect the data (b).

Fig. 1 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 1. Life cycle of Uncinaria sp. in South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis). Pups get infected through ingestion of colostrum that contains infective stage 3 larvae (L3s). Within 2-weeks, hookworms reach adulthood in the small intestine and shed eight-celled eggs in the pup's feces. Eggs larvate in the rookery soil and larvae develop into sheathed infective L3s which penetrate the skin and reach the subcutaneous tissues of all animals in the rookery. However, Uncinaria sp. larvae only have a chance to reach the next definitive host in females, which give birth and produce colostrum once a year, repeating the cycle. It is very likely that female pups can keep larvae in their tissues until they reach maturity and pass them to their pup (blue arrow). All males are dead end hosts. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 5. South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) pups that suffer the worst consequences of hookworm (Uncinaria sp.) infection contribute to most of the egg shedding in the environment. Hookworm egg shedding represents the product of the median number of eggs per fecal smear and the number of days a pup was infected with hookworms (Burden * infectious period). (a) Anemic pups shed on average more hookworm eggs compared to nonanemic pups (GLM with negative binomial distribution, Anemic pups = 1.36 ± 0.23, Z = 5.92, P = 3.09 × 10 −9). (b) Fur seal pups that died due to hookworm disease shed on average more hookworm eggs when compared to pups that survived (GLM with negative binomial distribution, Pups died = 1.40 ± 0.22, Z = 6.16, P = 7.24 × 10 −10).

Fig. 4 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 4. Anemia and mortality are driven by parasite burden. (a) Survival rates of pups with severe hookworm infection was 44.4%, compared to 90.6% survival of pups with mild hookworm infection and 93.4% survival of pups treated with the antiparasitic ivermectin (Log-rank Mantel-Cox test, Χ2 = 44.43, df = 2, P = 5.41 × 10−10). (b) Hemoglobin concentrations were markedly lower in the group with high parasitic burden (severe infection) (ANOVA, F = 31.47, df = 2, P = 2.12 × 10−12). Whiskers represent 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 2 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 2. Hookworm prevalence, egg shedding and abundance of larvae in the soil are correlated with adult females and pup density. (a) Prevalence reach over 90% when pups are between 20 and 30 days old, then substantially decline and by 75 days-old on average, all pups have cleared hookworm infection. Numbers in parenthesis indicate sample size. Bars represent binomial confidence intervals (b) Mean fecal hookworm egg count follow a similar curve with the highest number of eggs being shed when the number of adult fur seal females in the rookery is still high, between December 30 and January 15th, when pups are on average 15 to 30 days-old. (c) The soil from areas of the rookery with higher pup density had larger numbers of hookworm larvae (GLM, X2 = 1303, df = 3, P = 2.2 × 10−16). Whiskers represent 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 3 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 3. Correlations between hookworm burden, egg shedding and extraction of host resources. (a) Hookworm burden is highly correlated with egg shedding in pup's feces (third order polynomial regression, adj-r2 = 0.921, P = 2.2 × 10−16). (b) Hemoglobin concentration decreases as the number of hookworm eggs in pup's feces increase (second order polynomial regression, adj-r2 = 0.401, P = 2.09 × 10−14), suggesting that extraction of host resources depends on parasitic burden. (c) Female hookworms harbor similar number of eggs in their uterus regardless of parasitic burden (linear regression, adj- r2 = −0.03, F = 1.01, df = 36, P = 0.321), suggesting that there is no decline in egg output even at high hookworm densities. The solid lines represent the best fit model with 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines).

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Fig. 1 in Topical ivermectin is a highly effective seal 'spot-on': A randomised trial of hookworm and lice treatment in the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea)

Fig. 1. Flow diagram of the trial course showing pup recruitment and recapture count for the three experimental groups for each of the three colony visits. P1 = time between recruitment and first recapture; P2 = time between first recapture and second recapture. Observation of deceased pups is shown relative to (i.e., before or after) the pup's sampling at that visit.

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FIGURE 1 in RANDOM SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI AND HOOKWORM INFECTIONS AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN WITHIN A SINGLE VILLAGE

FIGURE 1. Spatial distribution of different infection intensity levels of Schistosoma mansoni among school children living in the village of Fagnampleu, western Côte d'Ivoire.