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15 results for “Horse evolution”

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Fig. 10 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 10. Body mass of Hipparion macedonicum from the various Greek localities calculated by various methods and its change in relation to the time. The body mass is estimated using the metapodials (Eisenmann and Sondaar 1998); W1. ln(body mass) = -5,768+3.011 x (lnMc10); W2. ln(body mass) = 3.151+2.665 x (lnMc13); W3. ln(body mass) = -4.525+1.434 x (ln(Mc10 x Mc13)); W4. ln(body mass) = -4.362+2.634 x (lnMt10); W5. ln(body mass) = -4.552+3.100 x (lnMt13); W6. ln(body mass) = -4.585+1.443 x (ln(Mt10 x Mt13)).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2015View details →
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Fig. 8 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 8. Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the RPl skull (A) and third metatarsal (B) with the Vallesian hipparions from Sinap, Turkey. Hipparion mediterraneum from Pikermi (Koufos 1987a) is used as standard of comparison. The metrical data for the Sinap material were provided to me by Raymond L. Bernor (unpublished material, personal communication, 2007).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2015View details →
zenodo40/100

Fig.12 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig.12. Plication number of the upper cheek teeth of Hipparion macedonicum from the various Greek localities.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2015View details →
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Fig. 9 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 9. Stratigraphic table indicating the distribution of Hipparion macedonicum in Europe. The geomagnetic time scale is from Cande and Kent (1995). The shaded area in the MN zones express the different opinions for the MN 12/13 boundary; according to Sen (1997) it is at ~7.0 Ma while according to Steininger et al. (1999) it is at ~6.6 Ma.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2015View details →
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Fig. 7 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 7. Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the RPl third metatarsal with Hipparion macedonicum and other small-sized hipparions from various localities. Hipparion mediterraneum from Pikermi (Koufos 1987a) is used as standard of comparison. The metrical data for the hipparions from Greek localities and AKK are from my own archive; those for Hipparion moldavicum from TAR and Hipparion elegans from PAV are taken from http://www. vera-eisenmann.com.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2015View details →
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Fig. 5 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 5. Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the RPl skull with Hipparion macedonicum and other small-sized hipparions from various localities. Hipparion mediterraneum from Pikermi (Koufos 1987a) is used as standard of comparison. The metrical data for the hipparions from Greek localities and AKK are from author's archive; those for Hipparion moldavicum from TAR and H. elegans from PAV are taken from http://www.vera-eisenmann.com.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2015View details →
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Fig. 4 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 4. Principal component analysis of the skull (A), mandible (B), and third metatarsal (C) of the RPl small-sized hipparion in comparison with other small-sized forms of Eurasia, indicating its strong size-similarities with Hipparion macedonicum. As the available specimens are fragmentary, lacking measurements the mean cranial dimensions for each locality are used. The used variables (various measurements of the skull, mandible and MtIII) and their influence to the distinction of the specimens is given in the left part of the diagrams. The convex hulls indicate the allocation of the measurements in the space for its sample. Hipparion dietrichi, Hipparion mediterraneum, and Hipparion proboscideum or Hipparion cf. proboscideum are used as comparative samples. Hipparion macedonicum: 1, NKT; 2, NIK; 3, RZO; 4, PXM; 5, VATH; 6, PER. Hipparion matthewi: 7, Samos (unknown locality), holotype; 8, KTA-B. Hipparion cf. matthwei: 9, MTLA. Hipparion sithonis: 10, NIK. aff. Hipparion forstenae: 11, MTLA; 12, Samos Q1. Hipparion →

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2015View details →
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Fig. 6 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 6. Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the RPl mandible with Hipparion macedonicum and other small-sized hipparions from various localities. Hipparion mediterraneum from Pikermi (Koufos 1987a) is used as standard of comparison. The metrical data for the hipparions from Greek localities and AKK are from my own archive; those for Hipparion moldavicum from TAR and Hipparion elegans from PAV are taken from http://www.vera-eisenmann.com.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2015View details →
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Fig. 3. Equid Hipparion macedonicum Koufos, 1984 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 3. Equid Hipparion macedonicum Koufos, 1984 from Ravin de la Pluie, Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece), late Vallesian, MN 10 (Late Miocene). A. Holotype LGPUT RPl-21, mandible in right lateral (A1) and occlusal (A2) views. B. LGPUT RPl-286, mandible in right lateral (B1) and occlusal (B2) views. C. LGPUT RPl-125, mandible in left lateral (C1) and occlusal (C2) views.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2015View details →
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Fig. 14 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 14. Habitat scores for the third metacarpals (A) and metatarsals (B) of Hipparion macedonicum from the various Greek localities; the habitat scores are calculated following Scott (2004). Dots indicate outliers and asterisks single specimens.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2015View details →
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Fig. 2. Equid Hipparion macedonicum Koufos, 1984 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 2. Equid Hipparion macedonicum Koufos, 1984 from Ravin de la Pluie, Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece), late Vallesian, MN 10 (Late Miocene). A. LGPUT RPl-142, right frontal part of skull in lateral (A1) and occlusal (A2) views, right tooth row in occlusal view (A3). B. LGPUT RPl-37, left tooth row in occlusal view.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2015View details →
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Fig. 13 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 13. Slenderness and Keel indexes for the third metacarpal (A, B) and metatarsal (C, D) of Hipparion macedonicum from the various Greek localities. Dots indicate outliers.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2015View details →
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Data from: New insights on equid locomotor evolution from the lumbar region of fossil horses

The specialization of equid limbs for cursoriality is a classic case of adaptive evolution, but the role of the axial skeleton in this famous transition is not well understood. Extant horses are extremely fast and efficient runners, which use a stiff-backed gallop with reduced bending of the lumbar region relative to other mammals. This study tests the hypothesis that stiff-backed running in horses evolved in response to evolutionary increases in body size by examining lumbar joint shape from a broad sample of fossil equids in a phylogenetic context. Lumbar joint shape scaling suggests that stability of the lumbar region does correlate with size through equid evolution. However, scaling effects were dampened in the posterior lumbar region, near the sacrum, which suggests strong selection for sagittal mobility in association with locomotor-respiratory coupling near the lumbosacral joint. I hypothesize that small-bodied fossil horses may have used a speed-dependent running gait, switching between stiff-backed and flex-backed galloping as speed increased.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →
dryad28/100

Data from: New insights on equid locomotor evolution from the lumbar region of fossil horses

Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.

publicApr 2016View details →
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Data from: The evolution of bacterial resistance against bacteriophages in the horse chestnut phyllosphere is general across both space and time

Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.

publicMay 2016View details →

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