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opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

Decoding host-microbiome interactions through co-expression network analysis within the non-human primate intestine

Supplementary Table Captions: Supplementary Table S9. Evaluation and parameter determination of host and microbiome RNA read classification using simulation datasets Supplementary Table S10. 40 pathways significantly upregulated in the cecum as compared to the transverse colon Supplementary Table S11. Host-microbiome gene co-expression network edges Supplementary Table S12. Host-host gene co-expression network edges Supplementary Table S13. Microbiome-microbiome gene co-expression network edges Supplementary Table S14. List of genes included in each gene module identified from the gene co-expression network Supplementary Table S15. Results of enrichment analysis for each gene module identified from the gene co-expression network Supplementary Table S16. The top 32 bacterial species in terms of expression abundance based on metatranscriptome profiles Supplementary Table S17. Number of microbiome RNA reads annotated by the KEGG database Supplementary Table S18. Results of enrichment analysis of gene modules for each parameter Supplementary Table S19. Evaluation of modules in each parameter of Newman algorithm Supplementary Table S20. Evaluation of modules in each parameter of Louvain algorithm Supplementary Table S21. Evaluation of modules in each parameter of Leiden algorithm Supplementary Table S22. Evaluation of modules in each parameter of WGCNA

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Data from: Extreme heat reduces host and parasite performance in a butterfly-parasite interaction

Environmental temperature fundamentally shapes insect physiology, fitness, and interactions with parasites. Differential climate warming effects on host versus parasite biology could exacerbate or inhibit parasite transmission, with far-reaching implications for pollination services, biocontrol, and human health. Here, we experimentally test how controlled temperatures influence multiple components of host and parasite fitness in monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) and their protozoan parasites Ophryocystis elektroscirrha. Using five constant temperature treatments spanning 18-34°C, we measured monarch development, survival, size, immune function, and parasite infection status and intensity. Monarch size and survival declined sharply at 34°C, as did infection probability, suggesting that hot temperatures decrease both host and parasite performance. The lack of infection at 34°C was not due to greater host immunity or faster larval development but could instead reflect the thermal limits of parasite invasion and within-host replication. In the context of ongoing climate change, our experiment suggests that temperature increases above the upper thermal range will reduce the fitness of both monarchs and their parasites, with lower infection rates potentially mitigating the impact of extreme heat on future monarch abundance and distribution.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Data from: The interactive effects of heat stress, parasitism, and hostplant quality in a host-parasitoid system

Species interactions are expected to change in myriad ways as the frequency and magnitude of extreme temperature events increase with anthropogenic climate change. The relationships between endosymbionts, parasites, and their hosts are particularly sensitive to thermal stress, which can have cascading effects to other trophic levels. We investigate the interactive effects of heat stress and parasitism on a terrestrial tritrophic system consisting of two hostplants (one common, high-quality plant and one novel, low-quality plant), a caterpillar herbivore, and a specialist parasitoid wasp. We used a fully-factorial experiment to determine the bottom-up effects of the novel hostplant on both the caterpillars' life history traits and the wasps' survival, and the top-down effects of parasitism and heat shock on caterpillar developmental outcomes and herbivory levels. Hostplant identity interacted with thermal stress to affect wasp success, with wasps performing better on the low-quality hostplant under constant temperatures but worse under heat shock conditions. Surprisingly, caterpillars consumed less leaf material of the low-quality hostplant to reach the same final mass across developmental outcomes. In parasitized caterpillars, heat shock reduced parasitoid survival and increased both caterpillar final mass and development time on both hostplants. These findings highlight the importance of studying community-level responses to climate change from a holistic and integrative perspective and provide insight into potential substantial interactions between thermal stress and diet quality in plant-insect systems.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

The impact of within-host coinfection interactions on between-host parasite transmission dynamics varies with spatial scale

Within-host interactions among coinfecting parasites can have major consequences for individual infection risk and disease severity. However, the impact of these within-host interactions on between-host parasite transmission, and the spatial scales over which they occur, remain unknown. We developed and applied a novel spatially explicit analysis to parasite infection data from a wild wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) population. We previously demonstrated a strong within-host negative interaction between two wood mouse gastrointestinal parasites, the nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus, and the coccidian Eimeria hungaryensis, using drug-treatment experiments. Here, we show this negative within-host interaction can significantly alter the between-host transmission dynamics of E. hungaryensis, but only within spatially-restricted neighbourhoods around each host. However, for the closely related species E. apionodes, which experiments show does not interact strongly with H. polygyrus, we did not find any effect on transmission over any spatial scale. Our results demonstrate that the effects of within-host coinfection interactions can ripple out beyond each host to alter the transmission dynamics of the parasites, but only over local scales that likely reflect the spatial dimension of transmission. Hence there may be knock-on consequences of drug treatments impacting the transmission of non-target parasites, altering infection risks even for non-treated individuals in the wider neighbourhood.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Complex plant quality - microbiota - population interactions modulate the response of a specialist herbivore to the defense of its host plant.

1. Many specialist herbivores have evolved strategies to cope with plant defenses, with gut microbiota potentially participating to such adaptations. 2. In this study we assessed whether the history of plant use (population origin) and microbiota may interact with plant defense adaptation. 3. We tested whether microbiota enhance the performance of Melitaea cinxia larvae on their host plant, Plantago lanceolata and increase their ability to cope the defensive compounds, iridoid glycosides (IGs). 3. The gut microbiota was significantly affected by both larval population origin and host plant IG level. Contrary to our prediction, impoverishing the microbiota with antibiotic treatment did not reduce larval performance. 5. As expected for this specialized insect herbivore, sequestration of one of IGs was higher in larvae fed with plants producing higher concentration of IGs. These larvae also showed metabolic signature of intoxication (i.e. decrease in Lysine levels). However, intoxication on highly defended plants was only observed when larvae with history of poorly defended plants were simultaneously treated with antibiotics. 6. Our results suggest that both adaptation and microbiota contribute to the metabolic response of herbivores to plant defense though complex interactions.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

A model of within-host interactions between host resources, macroparasite infection and immune response

This project was designed to mathematically investigate the of different host parasite-mitigation strategies on host condition. The R code herein comprises: <ul> <li>An ODE model of within-host interactions between a macroparasite (e.g. helminth) infection, host resource levels and host immune response, and the consequent effects on host condition. In brief, resources are ingested and utilised by the host, leading to inceased condition. The host is infected by a parasite, which matures and establishes within the host; both age stages cause harm to the host, decreasing host condition. The presence of the parasite stimulates an immune response, which can either target larval or adult parasites (a resistance strategy), or ameliorate the harm they cause (a tolerance strategy). The host can also reduce resource intake in order to also reduce ingestion of parasite infective stages (an avoidance strategy). Resistance responses have an associated immunopathology, in that the immune response also harms the host.</li> <li>Code to plot model trajectories over time.</li> <li>Code to plot multiple trajectories as a heat map, in which the x-axis is time and the y-axis is a parameter representing the host investment in its parasite-mitigation strategy.</li> <li>Code to calculate the optimum host investment for each strategy, over various sets of parameter values, as determined by maximising mean host condition over a given timeframe, and to plot the output.</li> <li>The same are also provided for an ODE model in which the total immune response is allocated between the two resistance responses and tolerance (a combined strategy). The optimisation code optimises both the total investment in immune repsonse, and how much is allocated to the three different individual strategies.</li> </ul> The model and results are described in detail in the associated manuscript. We also provide here the simulated datasets in which the optimum host investments were calculated over a range of different parameter values, as these take several hours to run on a standard desktop computer..

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Profiling phage-host interactions between Skunavirus receptor binding proteins and lactococcal cell wall polysaccharide structures

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Fig. 10 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 10. Comparisons of inflammatory cells recruited to inflammatory foci in cane toads, Rhinella marina (a) and native frogs, Cyclorana australis (b). Each anuran species was exposed to infective larvae of Rhabdias hylae (white bars) and Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala (grey bars). Graphs show average values ± 1 S.E.M.

Fig. 7 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 7. Histological investigation of lungworm infection in anurans. Graphs show the proportion of (a) metamorph native frogs (Cyclorana australis) and (b) metamorph cane toads (Rhinella marina) infected with lungworms, not infected with lungworms, or with inflammatory 'foci' (probable cases of a lungworm larva penetrating the anuran's body but failing to survive).

Fig. 2 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 2. The distribution of lungworm larvae in cane toad metamorphs. (a) Toad metamorphs infected with Rhabdias hylae (native frog lungworm) and (b) toad metamorphs infected with Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala (cane toad lungworm). Data in panel (b) are from Pizzatto et al. (2010), with permission. LUNG refers to adult lungworms found within the lung, SKIN/MUSCLE refers to larvae found in the skeletal muscle or subcutaneous tissue, HEAD refers to larvae detected in the head or neck region (excluding those found in eye tissue), EYE indicates larvae found in the eye or periocular tissue, and COELOM denotes larvae within the coelom or coelomic membranes.

Fig. 1. Histological image depicting a in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 1. Histological image depicting a transverse section of (a) R. hylae larva in the connective tissue of the head of a cane toad and (b) the inflammatory response composed primarily of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells surrounding the parasite. Haematoxylin and eosin stain, 400× magnification, scale bar equals 30 μm.

Fig. 4 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 4. Effect of time since exposure to Rhabdias hylae larvae on cane toad metamorphs: (a) shows the number of larvae found in toads and (b) shows the number of foci (areas of inflammation with no visible larvae) in toads, as determined by histological methods.

Fig. 9 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 9. Change in the average number of inflammatory foci (probable cases of larval parasites breaking down) observed in all anurans over time. Graph shows average values ± 1 S.E.M.

Fig. 6 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts

Fig. 6. Effects of Rhabdias hylae infection on cane toad metamorphs: (a) the average percentage of neutrophils and (b) lymphocytes around inflammation sites over time in cane toads infected with Rhabdias hylae. Graphs show average values ±1 S.E.M.