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47 results for “Human history”
Figure 9 of paper: It's not only the sea: a history of human intervention in the beach-dune ecosystem of Costa da Caparica (Portugal)
<p>This if the figure 9 of paper with DOI 10.5894/rgci-n432.</p> <p>Dunes of Trafaria and Costa da Caparica. This figure was adapted by Dissanayake M. Ruwan Sampath.</p> <p>The original source can be found at Archive from Instituto para a Conservação da Natureza e Florestas (Portugal).</p> <p>Representation of the works made by the Forestry Services between 1884 and 1910. Reference to an area flooded by the ocean in 1905 [sementeira de 1905 inundada pelo mar] and areas where new sowings had to be done [resementeiras]. Notice the drainage systems [valla] and the fences [sébe] near the coastline to protect the plants.</p>
Figure 11 of paper: It's not only the sea: a history of human intervention in the beach-dune ecosystem of Costa da Caparica (Portugal)
<p>This is the figure 11 of the article with DOI 10.5894/rgci-n432.</p> <p>Forests of Trafaria and Costa da Caparica in the 1930s-1940s. This figure was adapted by Dissanayake M. Ruwan Sampath.</p> <p>Original source can be found at the Archive of Instituto para a Conservação da Natureza e Florestas.</p> <p>In green, the existing forests. In pink, the Forestry Services areas given to other institutions or services for public uses. In yellow, the dunes to be afforested.</p> <p> </p>
Figure 12 of paper: It's not only the sea: a history of human intervention in the beach-dune ecosystem of Costa da Caparica (Portugal)
<p>Figure 12 of research paper with DOI: 10.5894/rgci-n432</p>
Figure 2 in A not so natural history of the tarantula Brachypelma vagans: Interaction with human activity
Figure 2. Preferred orientations of the burrows for Brachypelma vagans. (A) For all sites (n5110); (B) for backyards (BY1 and BY2, n550) and for football field (FG and FC, n560).
Figure 3 in A not so natural history of the tarantula Brachypelma vagans: Interaction with human activity
Figure 3. Mean diameters of the burrow entrances of Brachypelma vagans. (A) Between backyards (BY: BY1 and BY2) and football field (FB: FC and FG); (B) among individuals. ANOVA test: **P,0.01; Fisher LSD, interclass group at 1% level.
Figure 1 in A not so natural history of the tarantula Brachypelma vagans: Interaction with human activity
Figure 1. Density of Brachypelma vagans in different vegetation/land use classes representing a gradient of human activity. F: mean of MF and SF. Site class codes are referred to in the Methods section.
Poses of People in Art: A Data Set for Human Pose Estimation in Digital Art History
<p>Throughout the history of art, the pose—as the holistic abstraction of the human body's expression—has proven to be a constant in numerous studies. However, due to the enormous amount of data that so far had to be processed by hand, its crucial role to the formulaic recapitulation of art-historical motifs since antiquity could only be highlighted selectively. This is true even for the now automated estimation of human poses, as domain-specific, sufficiently large data sets required for training computational models are either not publicly available or not indexed at a fine enough granularity. With the <em>Poses of People in Art</em> data set, we introduce the first openly licensed data set for estimating human poses in art and validating human pose estimators. It consists of 2,454 images from 22 art-historical depiction styles, including those that have increasingly turned away from lifelike representations of the body since the 19<sup>th</sup> century. A total of 10,749 human figures are precisely enclosed by rectangular bounding boxes, with a maximum of four per image labeled by up to 17 keypoints; among these are mainly joints such as elbows and knees. For machine learning purposes, the data set is divided into three subsets—training, validation, and testing—, that follow the established JSON-based Microsoft COCO format, respectively. Each image annotation, in addition to mandatory fields, provides metadata from the art-historical online encyclopedia WikiArt.</p>
Relationships of climate, human activity, and fire history to spatiotemporal variation in annual fire probability across California: Source Code and Core Data
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A geographic history of human genetic ancestry
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Vocal babbling in a wild parrot shows life history and endocrine affinities with human infants
<p>Vocal babbling is a critical phase in infant language development and is best understood in temperate songbirds where it occurs primarily in males at reproductive maturity and is modulated by sex steroids. Parrots of both sexes are famous vocal imitators but a vocal babbling stage has gone unnoticed and it is not clear how the endocrine system is involved. We report on vocal babbling in both sexes of nestling wild green-rumped parrotlets (<em>Forpus passerinus</em>) in Venezuela. In addition, we show that corticosterone supplements resulted in individuals with larger repertoires after treatment had ended. Results indicate parrotlets begin babbling during an earlier life history stage compared to most songbirds and one in which corticosteroids play an important role. Here we include audio files of bouts of babbling from a sample of audio-video recorded inside specially designed nest cavities and a data set of spectrographic measurements taken on each element within each bout of babbling as well as associated metadata.</p> <p> </p>
Supporting dataset for the publication 'Human T cell receptor occurrence patterns encode immune history, genetic background, and receptor specificity'
<p>This dataset accompanies the publication "Human T cell receptor occurrence patterns encode immune history, genetic background, and receptor specificity" by William S DeWitt III, Anajane Smith, Gary Schoch, John A Hansen, Frederick A Matsen IV and Philip Bradley, accepted for publication in the journal eLife. It contains data on T cell receptor occurrence patterns and repertoire features that can be processed with the software tools provided in the github repository https://github.com/phbradley/pubtcrs in order to replicate the findings of the manuscript.</p> <p> </p>
Human activities favour prolific life histories in both traded and introduced vertebrates
<p>Species' life histories determine population demographics and thus the probability that introduced populations establish and spread. Life histories also influence which species are most likely to be introduced, but how such 'introduction biases' arise remains unclear. Here, we investigate how life histories affect the probability of trade and introduction in phylogenetic comparative analyses across three vertebrate classes: mammals, reptiles and amphibians. We find that traded species have relatively high reproductive rates and long reproductive lifespans. Within traded species, introduced species have a more extreme version of this same life history profile. Species in the pet trade also have long reproductive lifespans but lack 'fast' traits, likely reflecting demand for rare species which tend to have slow life histories. We identify multiple species not yet traded or introduced but with life histories indicative of high risk of future trade, introduction and potentially invasion. Our findings suggest that species with high invasion potential are favoured in the wildlife trade and therefore that trade regulation is crucial for preventing future invasions.</p>
Human activities favour prolific life histories in both traded and introduced vertebrates
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Vocal babbling in a wild parrot shows life history and endocrine affinities with human infants
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Data from: Larval nutritional stress affects vector life history traits and human malaria transmission
Exposure to stress during an insect's larval development can have carry-over effects on many adult life history traits and affect host susceptibility to pathogens. Studies on mosquitoes have shown that the larval environment impacts on components of vectorial capacity such as vector competence and adult survival. We investigated the carry-over effects of larval nutritional stress for the first time on a natural mosquito vector-malaria parasite association: Anopheles coluzzii exposed to field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. In contrast to previous studies, we show that larval nutritional stress may affect human to mosquito transmission antagonistically: nutritionally deprived larvae showed lower parasite prevalence only on a subset of gametocyte carriers; they also had lower fecundity. However, they had greater survival rates that were even higher when infected. We combined these opposing effects into epidemiological models to show that they depend on mosquito densities. Larval nutritional stress induced a decrease in malaria transmission at low mosquito density and an increase in transmission at high mosquito densities, whereas transmission by mosquitoes from well-fed larvae was stable. Our work underscores the importance of including larval ecological factors towards understanding host – parasite dynamics, and the need to confirm findings from artificial models on natural systems to improve disease transmission models and control.
Data from: Human-mediated evolution in a threatened species? Juvenile life-history changes in Snake River salmon
Evaluations of human impacts on Earth's ecosystems often ignore evolutionary changes in response to altered selective regimes. Freshwater habitats for Snake River fall Chinook salmon (SRFCS), a threatened species in the U.S., have been dramatically changed by hydropower development and other watershed modifications. Associated biological changes include a shift in juvenile life history: historically essentially 100% of juveniles migrated to sea as subyearlings, but a substantial fraction have migrated as yearlings in recent years. In contemplating future management actions for this species should major Snake River dams ever be removed (as many have proposed), it will be important to understand whether evolution is at least partially responsible for this life-history change. We hypothesized that if this trait is genetically based, parents who migrated to sea as subyearlings should produce faster-growing offspring that would be more likely to reach a size threshold to migrate to sea in their first year. We tested this with phenotypic data for over 2600 juvenile SRFCS that were genetically matched to parents of hatchery and natural origin. Three lines of evidence supported our hypothesis: 1) the animal model estimated substantial heritability for juvenile growth rate for three consecutive cohorts; 2) linear modeling showed an association between juvenile life history of parents and offspring growth rate; and 3) faster-growing juveniles migrated at greater speeds, as expected if they were more likely to be heading to sea. Surprisingly, we also found that parents reared a full year in a hatchery produced the fastest-growing offspring of all—apparently an example of cross-generational plasticity associated with artificial propagation. We suggest that SRFCS is an example of a potentially large class of species that can be considered to be "anthro-evolutionary"—signifying those whose evolutionary trajectories have been profoundly shaped by altered selective regimes in human-dominated landscapes.
Data from: Long livestock farming history and human landscape shaping revealed by lake sediment DNA
The reconstruction of human-driven, Earth-shaping dynamics is important for understanding past human/environment interactions and for helping human societies that currently face global changes. However, it is often challenging to distinguish the effects of the climate from human activities on environmental changes. Here we evaluate an approach based on DNA metabarcoding used on lake sediments to provide the first high-resolution reconstruction of plant cover and livestock farming history since the Neolithic Period. By comparing these data with a previous reconstruction of erosive event frequency, we show that the most intense erosion period was caused by deforestation and overgrazing by sheep and cowherds during the Late Iron Age and Roman Period. Tracking plants and domestic mammals using lake sediment DNA (lake sedDNA) is a new, promising method for tracing past human practices, and it provides a new outlook of the effects of anthropogenic factors on landscape-scale changes.
Marginal imprint of human land use upon fire history in a mire-dominated boreal landscape of the Veps Highland, North-West Russia
<p>Spatially explicit reconstructions of fire activity in European boreal forests are rare, limiting our understanding of factors driving vegetation dynamics in this part of the boreal domain. We have developed a spatially explicit dendrochronological reconstruction of a fire regime in a mire-dominated landscape of the Veps Nature Park (North-West Russia) over the 1580-2000 CE period.</p> <p>We dated 74 fire years using 164 fire-scarred living and dead Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees collected on 31 sites. The historical fire cycle was 91.4 years (90% confidence intervals, CI 66.2–137.6 years) over the 1580–1720 period, decreasing to 35.9 (CI 28.1–47.6 years) between 1730 and 1770, and then increasing again to 122.7 years (CI 91.0–178.0 years) over the 1780–2000 period. The reconstructed forest fire history featured a number of patterns clearly deviating from the trends documented in previous Northern European reconstructions. The most striking feature was the absence of a period with increased fire activity during the 1600s, a pattern widely observed in Fennoscandia and in Russian Karelia. We noted, however, a higher fire activity period between 1730 and 1780, resulting from the increase in early season fires.</p> <p>Land-use history of the area did not appear to have an effect on historical fire dynamics. The current FC in the Veps Highland is close to the estimates reported for the pre-industrial colonisation period in Fennoscandia, which suggests that the area's forests currently maintain their close-to-natural fire regime.</p>
Data from: A genetic assessment of the human-facilitated colonization history of black swans in Australia and New Zealand
Movement of species beyond their indigenous distribution can fundamentally alter the conservation status of the populations involved. If introductions are human-facilitated, introduced species could be considered pests. Characterizing the colonization history of introduced species can, therefore, be critical to formulating the objectives and nature of wildlife management strategies. The black swan (Cygnus atratus) is native to Australia but is considered a reintroduced species in New Zealand, where the endemic population was reported extinct during the 19th century. After the re-introduction of a small number of individuals from Australia, the New Zealand population expanded unexpectedly rapidly, which was attributed to simultaneous waves of migration from Australia. An alternative, but hitherto unformalized, hypothesis is that local extant populations remained and admixed with introduced individuals. To contribute to our understanding of the reintroduction history of the species, we investigated dispersal patterns and demographic histories of seven populations from Australia and New Zealand, using population genetic inferences from a microsatellite dataset. Our results on genetic structure, dispersal rates, and demographic histories provide mixed evidence on the origin of New Zealand black swans. The hypothesis that reintroduced individuals mixed with remaining local individuals and that the subsequent dramatic population expansion may have been due to genetic rescue of the inbred indigenous population cannot be discarded and needs further investigation.
Data from: Diatraea saccharalis history of colonization in the Americas. The case for human-mediated dispersal
The sugarcane borer moth, Diatraea saccharalis, is one of the most important pests of sugarcane and maize crops in the Western Hemisphere. The pest is widespread throughout South and Central America, the Caribbean region and the southern United States. One of the most intriguing features of D. saccharalis population dynamics is the high rate of range expansion reported in recent years. To shed light on the history of colonization of D. saccharalis, we investigated the genetic structure and diversity in American populations using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) markers throughout the genome and sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase (COI). Our primary goal was to propose possible dispersal routes from the putative center of origin that can explain the spatial pattern of genetic diversity. Our findings showed a clear correspondence between genetic structure and the geographical distributions of this pest insect on the American continents. The clustering analyses indicated three distinct groups: one composed of Brazilian populations, a second group composed of populations from El Salvador, Mexico, Texas and Louisiana and a third group composed of the Florida population. The predicted time of divergence predates the agriculture expansion period, but the pattern of distribution of haplotype diversity suggests that human-mediated movement was most likely the factor responsible for the widespread distribution in the Americas. The study of the early history of D. saccharalis promotes a better understanding of range expansion, the history of invasion, and demographic patterns of pest populations in the Americas.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.