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Fig. 16 in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China
Fig. 16. Transverse serial sections of Cyrtiopsis? cyrtiopsiformis from the Jiangjiaqiao section (sample C−H). Numbers refer to distance in mm from the ventral apex. Arrow indicates enlargement. Note the presence of a very short delthyrial plate and absence of a pseudodeltidium at the very posterior end of the ventral valve. Specimen PUM 00071 (97D).
Fig. 13. A–E in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China
Fig. 13. A–E. Cyrtospirifer cf. whitneyi (Hall, 1858), sample S−Y−2, PUM 00011, dorsal, anterior, posterior, ventral and lateral views; × 1.5. F–J. Cyrtospirifer? variabilis Ma and Sun, 2001, sample S−25−2. F–I. Ventral, dorsal, posterior and lateral views of holotype PUM 00005; × 2. J. Anterior view of paratype PUM 00013, × 2. K–O. Mennespirifer yangqiaoensis Ma and Sun, 2001, sample S−H−0, lateral, posterior, ventral, anterior, and dorsal views of PUM 00036; × 2. P. Sinospirifer sp.1, sample C7, ventral view of PUM 00040, × 1. Q–U. Athyris supervittata Tien, 1938, sample S−Y−4, posterior, lateral, anterior, dorsal and ventral views of PUM 00047; × 3.
Fig. 12 in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China
Fig. 12. Transverse serial sections of Iowatrypa? shaodongensis sp. nov. from the Shetianqiao section (sample S−Y−4). Numbers refer to distance in mm from the ventral apex. A. Specimen PUM 00069 (specimen of acetate peel – 00A). B. Transverse section showing the spiralium at its maximum number at a distance of 9.8 mm from the ventral apex. Specimen PUM 00070 (00B).
Fig. 14. A–C. Sinospirifer gortanioides Grabau, 1931, sample C−H in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China
Fig. 14. A–C. Sinospirifer gortanioides Grabau, 1931, sample C−H, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views of PUM 98014; × 1.3. D–H. Lamarckispirifer hayasakai (Grabau, 1931), sample C−H, lateral, posterior, dorsal, ventral and anterior views of PUM 00025; × 1.3. I–M. Sinospirifer subarchiaci (Martelli, 1902), sample C−H, anterior, lateral, posterior, ventral and dorsal views of PUM 98001; all × 1.3 except K and L, × 1.5. N–P. Sinospirifer pekinensis Grabau, 1931, sample C−H, ventral, posterior and anterior views of PUM 980152; × 1.5.
Fig. 11. A–E in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China
Fig. 11. A–E. Spinatrypa subkwangsiensis (Tien, 1938), sample S−Y−4. A–C. Posterior, ventral and lateral views of PUM 00016; × 2. D, E. Dorsal and posterior views of PUM 00020; × 2. F–O. Iowatrypa? shaodongensis sp. nov., S−Y−4. F–I. Posterior, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of paratype PUM 00003; × 2. J–N. Posterior, lateral, dorsal, anterior and ventral views of holotype PUM 00004; × 2. O. Ventral view of paratype PUM 00001, × 1.5. P, Q. Iowatrypa? qidongensis Ma, 1998, sample S−Y−4, posterior and ventral views of PUM 00008; × 1.5.
Fig. 10. A–F in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China
Fig. 10. A–F. Sinalosia rugosa gen. et sp. nov., sample S−Y−2. A–C. Ventral, dorsal and lateral views of holotype PUM 00017; × 2. D. Ventral view of paratype PUM 00019 showing its chevron ornamentation, × 2. E, F. Ventral and dorsal views of paratype PUM 00021; × 2. G–I. Hypothyridina linglingensis Wang, 1956a; sample S−Y−4, lateral, ventral and posterior views of PUM 00027; × 1.25. J–Q. Hunanotoechia gamma (Tien, 1938), sample S−Y−2. J. Ventral view of PUM 00042 showing the presence of only two sinal plications, × 3. K–O. Lateral, dorsal, posterior, anterior and ventral views of PUM 00051; × 3. P. Dorsal view of PUM 00041 showing a specimen with growth bizarre ventral beak, × 3. Q. Dorsal view of PUM 00054 showing the deltidial plates, × 5. R, S. Hunanotoechia tieni Ma, 1993; sample S−25−2, PUM 00053, enlarged dorsal view (R) showing the deltidial plates and the foramen, × 4 and ventral view (S), × 3.
Fig. 9. A, B in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China
Fig. 9. A, B. Rhyssochonetes? sp. 1, sample S−Y−2, ventral and dorsal views, PUM 00055; × 3. C–E, S. Rhyssochonetes? sp. 2, sample S−H−0. C. Ventral view, PUM 00062, × 3. D. Dorsal view showing the interarea, PUM 00048, × 5. E. Ventral view, note the orthomorph parallel arranged hinge spines (arrowed), PUM 00061b, × 3. S. Enlargement of arrowed area of E, × 11.5. F–H. Leioproductus hunanensis Liu, 1982, sample C−H, lateral, dorsal and ventral views, PUM 00031, × 2. I. Productella sp. 2, sample C1−0, dorsal view showing some spines present on the valve, PUM 00035, × 3. J, K. Productella lachrymosa var. asiatica Tien, 1938; sample C7. J. Ventral view, PUM 00002, × 1.5. K. Dorsal view, PUM 00032, × 2. L, M. Productella sp. 1, sample S−Y−4. L. Ventral view, PUM 00018, × 2. M. Dorsal view, PUM 00015, × 2. N–R. Praewaagenoconcha linglingensis (Wang, 1956), sample C−H. N. Dorsal view, PUM 00030, × 2. O. Dorsal view, PUM 00034, × 2. P, Q. Ventral and lateral views, PUM 00024; × 2. R. Dorsal interior showing the slit−like sockets, PUM 00059, × 3.3. T–V. Sinalosia rugosa gen. et sp. nov., sample S−Y−2. T. Showing the distinct interarea with ventral pseudodeltidium and dorsal chilidium, which is medially divided by cardinal process as to form a narrow V−shaped slit gap, PUM 01001, × 6. U, V. Lateral and internal views of cardinal process, PUM 01002; × 6.
Fig. 8 in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China
Fig. 8. Latest Frasnian (upper part of the Pa. linguiformis Zone) rugose corals from central Hunan. A, B. Peneckiella shawoziensis He, 1978. Transverse and longitudinal sections, specimen PUM 93595, sample L5/top0.2 (upper 20 cm of bed L5; × 6). C, D. Temnophyllum sp. Longitudinal and transverse sections, PUM 93594, sample L5/top0.2; × 4. E–G, I. Sinodisphyllum variable Sun, 1958. E, F. Transverse and longitudinal sections, PUM 93600, bed T3 of the Chongshanpu section; × 2.3. G. Transverse section, PUM 00072, bed T3, × 2.3. I. Longitudinal section, PUM 93596, sample L5/top0.2, × 2.3. H. Sinodisphyllum simplex Sun, 1958. Longitudinal section, PUM 93601, bed T3, × 2.3. J, K. Sinodisphyllum litvinovitshae (Soshkina, 1949) from the top of the Frasnian of Taotang, about 2 km north of the Xikuangshan section. J. Longitudinal section, PUM 00073, × 2.3. K. Transverse section, PUM 93599, × 2.3. L. Disphyllum dupliforme Kong, 1978, longitudinal section, PUM 93592, same specimen as Fig. 7H, × 4.
Fig. 15. A–E in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China
Fig. 15. A–E. Platyspirifer paronai (Martelli, 1902), sample C−H. A. Interarea view of PUM 00026 showing the convex pseudodeltidium, × 2.75. B, C. Lateral and ventral views of PUM 00022; × 1.5. D, E. Dorsal and anterior views of PUM 00038; × 1.2. F–J. Cyrtiopsis? cyrtiopsiformis (Yang, 1977), sample C−H, anterior, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and posterior views of PUM 97011; all × 2 except I × 1.5. K–O. Sinospirifer subextensus (Martelli, 1902), sample C−H, anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral and lateral views of PUM 00023; × 1.3. P, Q. Lamarckispirifer hayasakai (Grabau, 1931), sample C−H, anterior and posterior views of PUM 00028; × 1.3. R. Sinospirifer gortanioides Grabau, 1931; sample C−H, anterior view of PUM 98014, × 1.3.
Fig. 2 in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China
Fig. 2. Stratigraphy of the F–F boundary interval of the Xikuangshan (A), Shetianqiao (B), and Jiangjiaqiao (C) sections and distribution of benthic fossils. Diameter of solid dots relates to relative abundance of specimens. Lithology of the Shetianqiao section is from the Regional Geological Survey Team of Hunan in Hou et al. (1988), modified based on our own data.
Fig. 7 in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China
Fig. 7. Latest Frasnian (upper part of the Pa. linguiformis Zone) rugose corals from central Hunan. A, B. Disphyllum cf. cylindricum Sun, 1955, longitudinal and transverse sections, PUM 93593, sample L5/0.3−0.4; A × 3.8, B × 3.2. C, I. Frechastraea? hsikuangshanensis Ma, 1994., sample L5/0.85, longitudinal (× 3.6) and transverse (× 2.65) sections of the holotype specimen, PUM 93602. D, E. Phillipsastrea nevadensis Stumm, 1940, transverse and longitudinal sections of specimen PUM 93606, bed T3 of the Chongshanpu Section (see Ma 1998 for stratigraphy); × 5.5. F, G. Phillipsastrea sp., longitudinal and transverse sections, PUM 93606, bed T3; × 5.5. H. Disphyllum dupliforme Kong, 1978, transverse section, PUM 93592, from the top of the Frasnian of Taotang, about 2 km north of the Xikuangshan section (see Fig. 8L for longitudinal section); × 2.3.
Fig. 6 in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China
Fig. 6. Ostracods from the Frasnian–Famennian boundary interval of the Xikuangshan section. A, B. Bairdiocypris sp., sample L5/top (= L5/0.95), top of bed L5. A. Carapace in right lateral view, PUM 00096. B. Left valve, PUM 00097. C. Cavellina placida Shi, 1964, sample L4/0.8, carapace in left lateral view, PUM 00098. D. Perimarginia ovata Hou, 1955, sample L4/0.8, left valve, PUM 00099. E. Cavellina cf. zhongpingensis Wang, 1982; interior of right valve, PUM 00100, posterior inflated, sample L4/0.8. F, G. Chamishaella? fabuloides Wei, 1983, sample L4/0.8, lateral views of right valve, PUM 00101 and left valve, PUM 00102. H. Gen. et sp. indet. 3, right valve, PUM 00105, sample L9/t0.3. I. Gen. et sp. indte. 2, left valve, PUM 00107, sample L9/t0.3. J. Gen. et sp. indet. 1, right valve, PUM 00106, sample L9/t0.3. K. Perimarginia sp. 1, left valve, PUM 00103, sample L4/0.8. L. Fablicypris sp. Left valve, PUM 00104, sample L4/1.1. M, P, Q. Primitiopsacea gen. et sp. indet. M. Right valve, PUM 00108, sample L9/0.25. P. Right valve, PUM 00109, sample L7. Q. Carapace in left lateral view, PUM 00094, sample L12/0.7−0.8. N, O. Gen. et sp. indet. 4. N. PUM 00110, sample L9/t0.3. O. PUM 00111, sample L9/0.25. R. Cavellina cf. zhongpingensis Wang, 1982. Carapace in left lateral view, PUM 00095, sample L4/0.8. A–G, Q, R, × 40; H–P, × 42.
Fig. 5 in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China
Fig. 5. Ostracods from the Frasnian–Famennian boundary interval of the Xikuangshan section. All × 40 except otherwise indicated. A. Entomozoacea gen. et sp. indet., sample L5/0.95, specimen cat. no. PUM 00074, × 75. B–E. Evlanovia sp., sample L4/0.8. B. Right valve of a female, PUM 00075. C. Left valve of a female, PUM 00076. D. Right valve of a male, PUM 00077. E. Ventral view of right valve of a female, PUM 00078. F. Paraparchites sp., left valve, sample L4/0.8, PUM 00079. G–J. Beyrichiopsacea gen. et sp. indet., sample L4/0.8. G. Left valve of a female, PUM 00080. H. Ventral view of right valve of a female, PUM 00081. I. Left valve of a male, PUM 00082. J. Right valve of a male, PUM 00083. K. Polytilites sp. Left valve, sample L5/0.95, PUM 00084. L. Cryptobairdia sp. Carapace in right lateral view, slightly oblique, so that dorsal overlapping is concealed; sample L5/0.5, PUM 00085. M, N. Samarella sp., sample L5/0.5. M. Posterior view of specimen PUM 00086 showing valve overlapping at dorsal and ventral margins. N. Carapace in right lateral view, PUM 00087. O. Acratia sp., Carapace in left lateral view, PUM 00088, sample L5/0.95. P. Acratinella valida Shi, 1964, right valve, PUM 00089, sample L5/0.95. Q. Rectobairdia dushanensis (Shi, 1964), carapace in right lateral (slightly oblique) view, PUM 00090, sample L4/0.8. R. Bairdia naumovae Egorov, 1953, carapace in right lateral view, PUM 00091, sample L4/0.8. S, T. Roundyella? sp., sample L5/0.95. S. Left valve, PUM 00092. T. Internal view showing short spines on valve margin, PUM 00093.
Fig. 1 in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China
Fig. 1. Locality map showing important Frasnian–Fammenian (F–F) sections (solid triangles) in central Hunan Province. A. Location of Hunan Province in China. B. Location of studied sections in Hunan Province. C. Lithofacies map of central Hunan (based on Hou et al. 1988, slightly revised).
Subspecies and Distribution. R. p. pearsonii Horsfield, 1851 - N India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram), Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh,, S & SE China (Xizang, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, and Guangdong), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. R.p. chinensisK. Andersen, 1905 - SE China (Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Fujian). in Rhinolophidae
Subspecies and Distribution. R. p. pearsonii Horsfield, 1851 - N India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram), Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh,, S & SE China (Xizang, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, and Guangdong), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. R.p. chinensisK. Andersen, 1905 - SE China (Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Fujian).
Subspecies and Distribution. R. a. afinis Horsfield, 1823 - Malay Peninsula (including Langkawi and Tioman Is), Sumatra, North Pagai I in Mentawai Is, and Java. R. a. hainanusJ. A. Allen, 1906 - Hainan I, China. R. a. himalayanus K Andersen, 1905 — N India (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland), Nepal, Bhutan, NE Bangladesh, N Myanmar, and C & S China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, and Guizhou). R. a. macrurus K. Andersen, 1905 - SE China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Guangxi), S Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam (including Dao Tra Ban and Phu Quoc Is); possibly also Cambodia. R. a. nesites K. Andersen, 1905 - Borneo (including Laut, Sebuku, and Laut Kecil Is) and Anamba and Natuna Is. R. a. princeps K. Andersen, 1905 — Kangean (Kangean and Sepanjang Is), Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, and Sumba Is. A morphologically distinct subspecies (still unnamed) is known from E Myanmar and N Vietnam. in Rhinolophidae
Subspecies and Distribution. R. a. afinis Horsfield, 1823 - Malay Peninsula (including Langkawi and Tioman Is), Sumatra, North Pagai I in Mentawai Is, and Java. R. a. hainanusJ. A. Allen, 1906 - Hainan I, China. R. a. himalayanus K Andersen, 1905 — N India (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland), Nepal, Bhutan, NE Bangladesh, N Myanmar, and C & S China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, and Guizhou). R. a. macrurus K. Andersen, 1905 - SE China (Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Guangxi), S Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam (including Dao Tra Ban and Phu Quoc Is); possibly also Cambodia. R. a. nesites K. Andersen, 1905 - Borneo (including Laut, Sebuku, and Laut Kecil Is) and Anamba and Natuna Is. R. a. princeps K. Andersen, 1905 — Kangean (Kangean and Sepanjang Is), Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, and Sumba Is. A morphologically distinct subspecies (still unnamed) is known from E Myanmar and N Vietnam.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Leptobrachella (Anura: Megophryidae) Smith, 1925 from Wuling Mountains in Hunan Province, China
FIGURE 5. Iris coloration of paratypes of Leptobrachella wulingensis sp. nov.: (A) CSUFT 178; (B) CSUFT 180; (C) CSUFT 177; (D) CSUFT 194; (E) CSUFT 193; (F) CSUFT 200; (G) CSUFT 204; (H) CSUFT 179; (I) CSUFT 202; (J) CSUFT 203.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Leptobrachella (Anura: Megophryidae) Smith, 1925 from Wuling Mountains in Hunan Province, China
FIGURE 2. Bayesian inference tree of Leptobrachella species with Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and maximum-likelihood (ML) bootstrap values, based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Leptobrachium cf. chapaense and Megophrys major were used as outgroups. Black circles are nodes supported by BPP and ML values greater than 0.94 or 70, respectively. Gray circles are nodes supported only by ML values greater than 70. White circles are nodes supported only by BPP values greater than 0.94.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Leptobrachella (Anura: Megophryidae) Smith, 1925 from Wuling Mountains in Hunan Province, China
FIGURE 6. Living Leptobrachella wulingensis sp. nov. from Tianzishan Nature Reserve, individuals not collected. (A) Young metamorph toad with remnants of its tadpole tail, sitting on a rock; (B) and (C) adult individuals sitting on wet forest floor; (D) female toad laying on the ground. Photos by Tianyu Qian on August (A) and September (B, C and D) in 2019.
Continuous petal variation in Epimedium tianmenshanense (Berberidaceae), a species endemic to western Hunan, China
<p><span><span><i>Epimedium tianmenshanense</i> (Berberidaceae), a species endemic to western Hunan, China, was found to be highly variable in floral characteristics. In the protologue, its characteristics were described as "flower small, 0.2-0.4 cm diam., inner sepals white, petals as long as inner sepals or a little shorter than the latter, spur very short, ca. 5.0 mm". However, both morphological characteristics and molecular evidence proves that <i>E. tianmenshanense</i> is closely related to <i>E. baojingense</i>, a taxon with a long spur. Based on careful observation in the field and cultivation, the petals were found to be highly variable in morphology (both shape and size), being cucullate, subulate, short to long spurred, and with various transitions. The flowers size varied from small to large accordingly. The flowers with cucullate and subulate petals, which were a little shorter than the inner sepals or almost as long as the latter, were small (about 0.8 cm in diameter). The flowers with long spurs, which were much longer than the inner sepals, were large (about 2.5–3.5 cm in diameter). Finally, the flowers with short spurs, which were a little longer than the inner sepals, were medium-sized (about 1.0–1.2 cm in diameter). In addition, the color of inner sepals was revised from "white, occasionally light mulberry-purple" to yellowish green or yellowish white. <i>E</i><i>pimedium</i><i> </i><i>tianmenshanense</i> is a perfect example of natural petal evolution, which could be used for further taxonomic and evolutionary studies. The reason for the variation and the taxonomic treatment of the species still need further study.</span></span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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OpenNeuro
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