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Fig. 13 in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 13 Hyalogyrina depressa, nervous system and sensory organs. a, b Reconstruction of anatomy of nervous system; (a) left side view, (b) posterior view: dotted line indicates posterior part of visceral loop which could not be reconstructed (arrowhead: left zygoneurosis). c, d Histological details of sensory organs (semithin cross sections); (c) statocyst (arrowhead: statocone), (d) left cephalic tentacle and osphradium (arrowheads: tentacle nerves). Labels: B/B' = right/left buccal ganglion, bs = blood sinus, C/C' = right/left cerebral ganglion, CPl' = left cerebropleural ganglion, ct' = left cephalic tentacle, mc = mantle cavity, O = osphradial ganglion, os = osphradial epithelium,

Fig. 6 in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 6 Xenoskenea pellucida, nervous system and sensory organs. a, b Reconstruction of anatomy of nervous system; (a) posterior view, arrows indicate section planes c–e; (b) posterio-dorsal view. c–e Semithin cross sections showing histological details of sensory organs; (c) osphradium, (d) eye, (e) statocyst, arrowhead points to statolith. Labels: B/B' = right/left buccal ganglion, C/C' = right/left cerebral ganglion, e/e' = right/left eye, l = lense of eye, O = osphradial ganglion, os = osphradial epithelium, P/P' = right/left pedal ganglion,

Fig. 11 in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 11 Hyalogyrina depressa, histological details of genital system (semithin sections). (a) Overview: longitudinal section of gonoducts and associated structures, anterior is at right. (b) Detail: longitudinal section of proximal part of gonoduct. (c) Cross section of receptaculum seminis. (d) Longitudinal section of vesicula seminalis with autosperm. (e) Longitudinal section of bursa copulatrix with degraded allosperm. (f) Cross section of ovotestis lobes, each with inner ovary and outer testis portion. (g) Detail of f: spermatogenesis in peripheral portion of ovotestis. Labels: b = bursa, bs1/2 = blind sac1/2, dg = digestive gland, fs = allosperm, gd1/2/3 = proximal/median/distal portion of gonoduct, hd = hermaphroditic duct, n/n' = nucleus of ripe/ juvenile egg, nl = nucleolus, re = rectum, rs = receptaculum seminis, s = autosperm, sc = spermatocyte, spg = spermatogo- nium, x = degraded allosperm, yg = yolk granules

Fig. 15 in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 15 Hyalogyrina grasslei, mantle cavity, histology of gill and other organs. (a) Reconstruction of mantle organs in dorsal view, showing section planes. (b) Longitudinal section of gill. (c) Detail of gill lamellae. (d) Overview of kidney and adjacent organs. (e) Detail of kidney with papilla. (f) Detail of left mantle margin with periostracal groove. (g) Metapodium with calcium cells and operculum. Labels: a = heart auricle, aks = afferent kidney sinus, ca = calcium cell, egs = efferent gill sinus, ex = external milieu, ga = gill axis, gi = gill, gl = gill lamellae, gls = sinus of gill lamellae, i = intestine, k = kidney, kp = papilla of kidney, mc = mantle cavity, n = nucleus of calcium cell, ng = nephridial gland, op = operculum, pc = pericardium, pgr = periostracal groove, re = rectum

Fig. 14 Hyalogyrina grasslei. a, b in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 14 Hyalogyrina grasslei. a, b Reconstruction of gross anatomy, body wall shown transparent; (a) left side view, cephalic tentacles and ciliary knobs in pink; (b) anterio-dorsal view. c, d Reconstruction of nervous system; (c) dorsal view, (d) posterior view. Labels: B/B' = right/left buccal ganglion, CPl/CPl' = right/left cerebropleural ganglion, dg = digestive gland, gd = gonoduct, gi = gill, k = kidney, ng = nephridial gland, O = osphradial ganglion, P/P' = right/left pedal ganglion, pc = pericardium, re = rectum, rs = receptaculum seminis; Sb = suboesophageal ganglion, Sp = supraoesophageal ganglion, st/st' = right/left statocyst; 2/2' = right/left tentacle nerves, 3/3' = right/left pleuropedal connective, 4/4' = right/left cerebropedal connective, 6/6' =

Fig. 8 in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 8 Hyalogyrina depressa, histological details of mantle cavity (semithin sections). (a) Cross section of right anterior mantle cavity. (b) Cross section of left mantle roof (arrowhead: dark glandular components). (c) Cross section of median mantle roof opposed to ciliated neck. (d) Longitudinal section of gill lamellae (arrowheads: lateral cilia). (e) Cross section of left kidney with heart (arrowhead: nephropore). Labels: a = auricle of heart, ci = cilia, ct = right cephalic tentacle, gl = gill lamellae, gls = efferent sinus of gill lamellae, hec = epidermis of head, k = kidney, mc = mantle cavity, mg1/2/3 = pallial mucous cell of type 1/2/3, pc = pericardium, pec = pallial epidermis, pt = pallial tentacle, rd = renopericardial duct

Fig. 7 Hyalogyrina depressa. a–c in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 7 Hyalogyrina depressa. a–c Reconstructions of mantle cavity, mantle roof omitted, visceral sac transparent in c; (a) right side view, (b) left side view, (c) dorsal view. d, e Histological details of foot; (d) sagittal section of dorsal mesopodial calcium cells (arrowhead: foot sole), (e) parasagittal section of lobes of anterior foot gland (arrowhead: foot sole). Labels: a = auricle, adg = anterior digestive gland, bs = blood sinus, ca = calcium cell, co = concrements of calcium cell, ct/ct' = right/left cephalic tentacle, g = gonad, gd = gonoduct, gi = gill, h = head, k = kidney, n = nucleus, os = osphradium, pd = pedal gland duct, pdg = posterior digestive gland, pg/pg' = right/left pallial glandular area, pgl = pedal gland lobe, pp =

Fig. 3 in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 3 Xenoskenea pellucida, histological details. (a) Pallial mucous cells with opening. (b) Cross section of propodium with anterior pedal gland (arrowhead: pedal gland duct). (c) Longitudinal section of mantle and pallial lobe, the latter showing specific granules in the apical cells. (d) Cross section of metapodium with metapodial tentacle. (e) Cross section of metapodium with posterior pedal gland (arrowhead: releasing duct) and large mass of calcium cells. (f) Detail of calcium cell with small nucleus and concrements. Labels: ca = calcium cells, co = concrements of calcium cells, ct/ct' = right/ left cephalic tentacle, hc = haemocoel, mp = metapodium, mpg = metapodial (posterior) pedal gland, mpt = metapodial tentacle, n = nucleus of calcium cell, p = mantle, pgc = pallial glandular cell, pl = pallial lobe, pp = propodium, ppg = propodial (anterior) pedal gland

Fig. 17 Hyalogyrina grasslei, alimentary tract. a in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 17 Hyalogyrina grasslei, alimentary tract. a Reconstruction of anatomy, left side view, showing section planes. b–g Histological details; (b) cross section of jaws, (c) radula with buccal musculature, (d) cross section of posterior oesophagus, (e) detail of dorsal foot channel in anterior oesophagus, (f) stomach with gastric shield and tooth, (g) anal opening. Labels: a = anal opening, aoe = anterior oesophagus, csa =

Fig. 21 in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 21 Schematic comparison of the genital systems of hyalogyrinid species. (a) Hyalogyrina grasslei. (b) Hyalogyrina glabra. (c) Hyalogyrina depressa. (d) Xenoskenea pellucida. Labels: ag = albumen gland, b = bursa, bs1/2 = blind sac 1/2, cg = capsule gland, fl = flagellum, g = hermaphroditic gonad, ga = genital atrium, Gd =

Fig. 19 Hyalogyrina glabra, genital system. a in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 19 Hyalogyrina glabra, genital system. a Reconstruction of anatomy from left side (anterior is at top), showing section planes. b–e Histological details, phase contrast microscopy; (b) distal end of gonoduct, genital atrium, and receptaculum; (c) median portion of gonoduct, duct to receptaculum seminis, and flagellum; (d) detail of

Fig. 16 Hyalogyrina grasslei, genital system. a in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 16 Hyalogyrina grasslei, genital system. a Reconstruction of anatomy, showing section planes. b–h Histological details (arrowhead always marks line of basal bodies of ciliated cells); (b) distal end of receptaculum seminis and gonoduct, (c) detail of blind sac 1 and adjacent hermaphroditic gonad, (d) median part of receptaculum seminis and gonoduct, (e) proximal part of gonoduct with vas deferens, (f) detail of seminal groove, (g) detail of gonoduct and blind sac 2 with connecting duct (arrow), (h) detail of median part of receptaculum seminis. Labels: bs1/2 = blind sac 1/ 2, ci = cilia, dg = digestive gland, ex = external milieu, g = gonad, gd = gonoduct, hd = hermaphroditic duct, mc = mantle cavity, re = rectum, rs = receptaculum seminis, sp = autosperm, vd = vas deferens, ve = vas efferens

Fig. 22 in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 22 Series of hermaphroditic glands in Hyalogyrinidae; anterior views, differences in lobation do not correlate with size. (a) Xenoskenea pellucida. (b) Hyalogyrina glabra. (c) Hyalogyrina depressa. (d) Hyalogyrina grasslei

Fig. 20 in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 20 Hyalogyrina glabra, reconstruction of anatomy of nervous system. (a) Left side view, body wall shown transparent. (b) Dorsal view. Labels: B/B' = right/left buccal ganglion, CPl/CPl' = right/left cerebropleural ganglion, O = osphradial ganglion, P/P' = right/left pedal ganglion, Sb = suboesophageal ganglion, Sp = supraoesophageal ganglion, st = statocysts; 2/2' = right/left tentacle nerves, 3/3' = right/left

Fig. 4 Xenoskenea pellucida. a, b in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 4 Xenoskenea pellucida. a, b Reconstruction of genital system; (a) right side view, body wall transparent, vertical lines at bottom indicate section planes c–e, arrowhead points to male genital opening; (b) left side view, body wall omitted. (c) Cross section of anterior vas deferens and penis (longitudinally sectioned) flanked by pallial lobe; arrowhead points to distalmost vas deferens within copulatory organ. (d) Detail of thickened part of vas deferens with large nuclei. (e) Detail of egg in cross section. Labels: bs1/2 = blind sac 1/2, ct = right cephalic tentacle, e = eye, g = gonad, hc = heterochromatine, hd = hermaphroditic duct, n = nucleus, nl = nucleolus, od = oviduct, pe = penis, pl = pallial lobe, sg = spermato- gonia, vd = vas deferens, y = yolk mass

Fig. 1 in Interactive 3D anatomy and affinities of the Hyalogyrinidae, basal Heterobranchia (Gastropoda) with a rhipidoglossate radula

Fig. 1 Xenoskenea species. (a) X. pellucida, drawing of live animal (shell diameter 1.7 mm) from the right side (modified from Warén et al. 1993: fig. 35); arrowhead points to copulatory organ; labels: ct = cephalic tentacles, gi = gill (extended out of mantle cavity), mpt = metapodial tentacle, op = operculum, orl = oral lappet (in fact more a short tentacle), pl = pallial lobe. (b) X. n. sp. to be described by Dr. Kazunori Hasegawa; specimen data (courtesy of Dr. Takuma Haga, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo): around Sandan-bashi (Sandan Bridge), Wakaura-Naka, Wakayama City, Wakayama Prefecture (central Honshû: W part of Kii Peninsula), Japan, 34°41′14″N, 135°10′25″E, 8 Oct. 2007, from aggregation of reen algae on muddy tidal flat, lower intertidal zone, leg. Haga, T., Fukuda, H., Yamashita, H., Tatara, Y. & Ikebe, S.; photo courtesy of Dr. Masanori Taru, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan