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13 results for “Hybrid Threats”
Dataset. Responses to digital disinformation as part of hybrid threats: an evidence-based analysis on the effects of disinformation and the effectiveness of fact-checking/debunking
<p>Dataset from the meta-analysis carried out in the article Responses to digital disinformation as part of hybrid threats: a systematic review on the effects of disinformation and the effectiveness of fact-checking / debunking using the EU-HYBNET Meta-Analysis Survey Instrument for Evaluating the Effects of Disinformation and the Effectiveness of counter-responses</p>
Data from: Distinguishing the victim from the threat: SNP‐based methods reveal the extent of introgressive hybridization between wildcats and domestic cats in Scotland and inform future in situ and ex situ management options for species restoration
The degree of introgressive hybridisation between the Scottish wildcat and domestic cat has long been suspected to be advanced. Here we use a 35-SNP-marker test, designed to assess hybridisation between wildcat and domestic cat populations in Scotland, to assess a database of 265 wild-living and captive cat samples, and test the assumptions of the test using 3097 SNP markers generated independently in a subset of the data using ddRAD. We discovered that despite increased genetic resolution provided by these methods, wild-living cats in Scotland show a complete genetic continuum or hybrid swarm structure when judged against reference data. The historical population of wildcats, although hybridised, clearly groups at one end of this continuum, as does the captive population of wildcats. The interpretation of pelage scores against nuclear genetic data continues to be problematic. This is probably because of a breakdown in linkage disequilibrium between wildcat pelage genes as the two populations have become increasingly mixed, meaning that pelage score or SNP score alone are poor diagnostic predictors of hybrid status. Until better tools become available, both should be used jointly, where possible, when making management decisions about individual cats. We recommend that the conservation community in Scotland must now define clearly what measures are to be used to diagnose a wildcat in the wild in Scotland, if future conservation action is to be effective.
Figure 3 in Combined threats to native smooth-shelled mussels (genus Mytilus) in Australia: bioinvasions and hybridization
Figure 3. Discriminant analysis of principal component (DAPC) plot of SNP variation amongst Australian mussels with the inclusion of reference Northern and Southern hemisphere populations of Mytilus spp. sampling groups: (1) M. galloprovincialis, (2) Mytilus spp.: samples from New Zealand mainland with some Australian individuals, mainly from Port Arthur, Tasmania, (3) M. platensis, (4) M. chilensis, (5) M. edulis, (6) M. galloprovincialis × M. planulatus hybrids from Australia and (7) New Zealand offshore island samples (AUCB and CAMI). For details of group membership refer to Supporting Information, Table S6.
Figure 2 in Combined threats to native smooth-shelled mussels (genus Mytilus) in Australia: bioinvasions and hybridization
Figure 2. Neighbour joining (NJ) tree of the ten mussel samples from Australia, three from New Zealand and reference samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis, M. edulis, M. platensis, M. chilensis and M. trossulus, based on the FST matrix from allele frequencies of the SNP loci. NJ tree obtained with POPTREEW and visualized with MEGA v.6. Population/sample codes as shown in Table 1. For the Australian samples: -W, wild; -F, farmed. FST matrix details are presented in Supporting Information, Table S5.
Figure 7 in Combined threats to native smooth-shelled mussels (genus Mytilus) in Australia: bioinvasions and hybridization
Figure 7. Structure plot (K = 3) for Australian 'pure' native Mytilus planulatus pooled as one group (Austr.), two reference Northern hemisphere M. galloprovincialis samples (CAM, ORI), mainland New Zealand (AKAR) and offshore island lineages (AUCB, CAMI) of M. aoteanus. Plots constructed based on Australian individuals without admixture, identified by STRUCTURE and assigned to the M. planulatus cluster (q> 0.8). Each individual is represented by a single vertical line, samples are separated by a black vertical line, and site abbreviations (Table 1) are given along with reference taxon names.
Figure 4 in Combined threats to native smooth-shelled mussels (genus Mytilus) in Australia: bioinvasions and hybridization
Figure 4. Discriminant analysis of principal component (DAPC) plot of SNP variation amongst Australian mussels with the inclusion of reference Northern and Southern hemisphere populations of Mytilus spp. Sampling groups: (1) New Zealand mainland with some Australian individuals, mainly from Port Arthur, Tasmania, (2) reference M. galloprovincialis from the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean with some Australian individuals, (3) New Zealand offshore island samples, (4) mixed status mussels from Australia (individuals from all ten sampled Australian sites) and some reference M. galloprovincialis from the Mediterranean Sea. For details of group membership refer to Supporting Information, Table S7.
Figure 1 in Combined threats to native smooth-shelled mussels (genus Mytilus) in Australia: bioinvasions and hybridization
Figure 1. Geographic locations of ten mussel sampling sites in Australia. See Table 1 for details of site codes, numbers of individuals per location, and origin: -W, wild; -F, farmed mussels.
The geographic distribution of the imperiled Barrens Darter, Etheostoma forbesi, and threats of hybridization with the closely related Fringed Darter, Etheostoma crossopterum.
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Data from: Distinguishing the victim from the threat: SNP‐based methods reveal the extent of introgressive hybridization between wildcats and domestic cats in Scotland and inform future in situ and ex situ management options for species restoration
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Data from: Hybridization as a threat in climate relict Nuphar pumila (Nymphaeaceae)
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Data from: Hybridization between two gartersnake species (Thamnophis) of conservation concern: A threat or an important natural interaction?
Distinguishing between hybrid zones formed by secondary contact versus parapatric divergence-with-gene-flow is an important challenge for understanding the interplay of geographic isolation and local adaptation in the origin of species. Similarly, distinguishing between natural hybrid zones and those that formed as a consequence of recent human activities has important conservation implications. Recent work has demonstrated the existence of a narrow hybrid zone between the plains gartersnake (Thamnophis radix) and Butler's gartersnake (T. butleri) in the Great Lakes region of North America, raising questions about the history and conservation value of genetically admixed populations. Both taxa are of conservation concern, and it is not clear whether to regard hybridization as a threat or a natural interaction. Here we use phylogeographic and population genetic methods to assess the timescales of divergence and hybridization, and test for evidence that the hybrid zone is of recent origin. We assayed AFLP markers and ND2 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from T. radix, T. butleri, and the closely related short-headed gartersnake (T. brachystoma) throughout their North American ranges. We find shallow mtDNA divergence overall and high levels of variation within the contact zone. These patterns are inconsistent with recent contact of long-diverged taxa. It is not possible to distinguish true divergence-with-gene-flow from a long-term secondary contact zone, but we infer that the hybrid zone is a long-standing, natural interaction.
Data from: Hybridization between two gartersnake species (Thamnophis) of conservation concern: A threat or an important natural interaction?
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Figure 5 in Combined threats to native smooth-shelled mussels (genus Mytilus) in Australia: bioinvasions and hybridization
Figure 5. Correspondence analysis of individuals from mainland Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand, with inclusion of both reference lineages of M. galloprovincialis (Mediterranean Sea – ORI and the North Atlantic Ocean – CAM) from the Northern hemisphere. Sample codes as shown in Table 1.
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