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Relyea, R. A., and N. Mills. 2001. Predator-induced stress makes the pesticide carbaryl more deadly to grey treefrog tadpoles (Hyla versicolor). PNAS 98:2491-2496.
Global declines in amphibians likely have multiple causes, including widespread pesticide use. Our knowledge of pesticide effects on amphibians is largely limited to short-term (4-d) toxicity tests conducted under highly artificial conditions to determine lethal concentrations (LC50). We found that if we used slightly longer exposure times (10–16 d), low concentrations of the pesticide carbaryl (3–4% of LC504-d) killed 10–60% of gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) tadpoles. If predatory cues also were present, the pesticide became 2–4 times more lethal, killing 60–98% of tadpoles. Thus, under more realistic conditions of increased exposure times and predatory stress, current application rates for carbaryl can potentially devastate gray treefrog populations. Further, because predator-induced stress is ubiquitous in animals and carbaryl’s mode of action is common to many pesticides, these negative impacts may be widespread in nature.
FIG. 5 in Article 23.9 of the Code cannot be used to reject the nomen Hyla quoyi Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828 as a nomen oblitum
FIG. 5. — Colour plate of holophoront (holotype) of Hyla quoyi Bory de Saint- Vincent, 1828. Plate 126 of Bory de Saint-Vincent (1831) first published in Bory de Saint Vincent (1828a) as plate 4 of part 13 of plates. https://www.archive. org/download/b21301141_0016/page/n406_w497
FIG. 2 in Article 23.9 of the Code cannot be used to reject the nomen Hyla quoyi Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828 as a nomen oblitum
FIG. 2. — Lectophoront (lectotype) of Trachycephalus marmoratus Duméril & Bibron, 1841 and Hyla septentrionalis Duméril & Bibron, 1841, and neophoront (neotype) of Hyla sueurii Desmarest, 1825, MNHN-RA-0.4613, adult female (SVL 83.6 mm) donated by Ramon de la Sagra: A, dorsal view; B, lateral view of head and body; C, ventral view. Scale bar: 50 mm.
FIG. 1 in Article 23.9 of the Code cannot be used to reject the nomen Hyla quoyi Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828 as a nomen oblitum
FIG. 1. — Colour plate of holophoront (holotype) of Hyla sueurii Desmarest, 1825. Plate 124 of Bory de Saint-Vincent (1831) first published in Bory de Saint Vincent (1825) as plate 4 of part 8 of plates.https://www.archive.org/download/ b21301141_0016/page/n402_w497.
Data from: Longer days, larger grays: Carryover effects of photoperiod and temperature in gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor
<p>Environmental conditions like temperature and photoperiod can strongly shape organisms' growth and development. For many ectotherms with complex life cycles, global change will cause their offspring to experience warmer conditions and earlier-season photoperiods, two variables that can induce conflicting responses. We experimentally manipulated photoperiod and temperature during gray treefrog (<em>Hyla versicolor</em>) larval development to examine effects at metamorphosis and during short (10-day) and long (56-day) periods post-metamorphosis. Both early- and late-season photoperiods (April and August) decreased age and size at metamorphosis relative to the average-season (June) photoperiod, while warmer temperatures decreased age but increased size at metamorphosis. Warmer larval temperatures reduced short-term juvenile growth but had no long-term effect. Conversely, photoperiod had no short-term carryover effect, but juveniles from early- and late-season larval photoperiods had lower long-term growth rates than juveniles from the average-season photoperiod. Similar responses to early- and late-season photoperiods may be due to reduced total daylight compared to average-season photoperiods. However, juveniles from late-season photoperiods selected cooler temperatures than early-season juveniles, suggesting not all effects of photoperiod were due to total light exposure. Our results indicate that despite both temperature and photoperiod affecting metamorphosis, the long-term effects of photoperiod may be much stronger than those of temperature.</p>
Fig. 1 in Choosy Outsiders? Satellite Males Associate With Sexy Hosts In The European Tree Frog Hyla Arborea
Fig. 1. Box plots for snout-urostyle length of sampled males of Hyla arborea, classified as satellites, callers or hosts. Boxes represent standard error of mean and whiskers represent standard deviation. Small squares represent mean
Figure 3 in Colour variations in the European tree frog, Hyla arborea (Linnaeus, 1758), from two small adjacent ponds in the Vojvodina province, Serbia
Figure 3. Two green colour variations: the typical, bright green a) and paler, yellowish b). Photos: Aleksandar Simović.
Figure 1 in Colour variations in the European tree frog, Hyla arborea (Linnaeus, 1758), from two small adjacent ponds in the Vojvodina province, Serbia
Figure 1. Two ponds where the frogs were observed: a) the larger one, near a settlement, overgrown with reeds; b) small, shallow pond with open water. Photos: Sonja Đorđević.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Resolving the taxonomic puzzle of Boana cinerascens (Spix, 1824), with resurrection of Hyla granosa gracilis Melin, 1941 (Anura: Hylidae).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Resolving the taxonomic puzzle of Boana cinerascens (Spix, 1824), with resurrection of Hyla granosa gracilis Melin, 1941 (Anura: Hylidae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/1962ba25-e139-437a-9a9c-2e487e2bbad2">https://bionomia.net/dataset/1962ba25-e139-437a-9a9c-2e487e2bbad2</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/1962ba25-e139-437a-9a9c-2e487e2bbad2">https://gbif.org/dataset/1962ba25-e139-437a-9a9c-2e487e2bbad2</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
figure 3 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles
figure 3 Variation in body pigmentation between different background coloration treatments during ethe xperimental time in H. arborea tadpoles. dl – dark-light treatment; d – dark treatment; dd – darkdark treatment; ld – light-dark treatment; l – light treatment; ll – light-light treatment
figure 4 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles
figure 4 The tadpole body coloration by treatment: day 0 – the start of the experiment, average pigmentation 69% of dark pixels, no treatment groups; day 20 of the experiment (day 20) – two treatment groups, Dark and Light, average pigmentation d – 93% and l – 62% of dark pixels; day 36 – the end of the experiment (day 36) – four treatments, dd – dark-dark treatment, ld – light-dark treatment, dl – dark-light treatment, ll – light-light treatment, average pigmentation dd – 90%, dl – 60%, ld – 91%, ll – 70% of dark pixels.
figure 1 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles
figure 1 Experimental design of the study. n – sample size; gs – developmental stage by Gosner, 1960
figure 6 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles
figure 6 Mean body shape of each treatment in two time points (after 20 days of the experiment – two treatments, and after 36 days/at the end of the experiment – four treatments) visualized in the canonical variate space (cv1 vs. cv 2). 20 d – dark treatment after 20 days; 20 l – light treatment after 20 days; 36 dd – dark-dark treatment after 36 days; 36 dl – dark-light treatment after 36 days; 36 ll – light-light treatment after 36 days; 36 ld – light-dark treatment after 36 days.
figure 8 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles
figure 8 How many times on average (with standard error) H. arborea tadpoles from different treatments were detected in the dark background: without predator chemical cues (black bars), with predator chemical cues (grey bars). dl – dark-light treatment; dd – dark-dark treatment; ld – light-dark treatment; ll – light-light treatment.
figure 2 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles
figure 2 Position of landmarks (l) and semi-landmarks (sl): l 1 – the tip of the snout, l 2 & 3 – dorsal and ventral points of anterior eye edge, l 4 – the intersection of head-body and dorsal edge of the tail fin, l 7 – the intersection of head-body and the ventral edge of the tail muscle, sl 5, 6 & 8 – the dorsal side of the tail fin, the dorsal side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail fin, all in the same vertical line as l 7, sl 9–12 – the dorsal side of the tail fin, the dorsal side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail fin ¼ the distance between l 7 and l 21, sl 13–16 – the dorsal side of the tail fin, the dorsal side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail fin ½ the distance between l 7 and l 21, sl 17–20 – the dorsal side of the tail fin, the dorsal side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail muscle, the ventral side of the tail fin ¾ the distance between l 7 and l 21, l 21 – the tip of the tail
figure 7 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles
figure 7 Ontogenetic trajectories of each treatment in two time points (after 20 days of the experiment – two treatments, and after 36 days/at the end of the experiment – four treatments) visualized in the space of principal components (pc1 vs. pc2). 20 d – dark treatment after 20 days; 20 l – light treatment after 20 days; 36 dd – dark-dark treatment after 36 days; 36 dl – dark-light treatment after 36 days; 36 ll – light-light treatment after 36 days; 36 ld – light-dark treatment after 36 days.
figure 5 in EFfects of background color on pigmentation, morphological traits, and behavior in the European tree frog (Hyla arborea, Hylidae, Anura) tadpoles
figure 5 Body length variation between different background coloration treatments during experimental time in H. arborea tadpoles. dl – dark-light treatment; d – dark treatment; dd – dark-dark treatment; ld – light-dark treatment; l – light treatment; ll – light-light treatment.
Data from: Longer days, larger grays: Carryover effects of photoperiod and temperature in gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
The roles of climate, geography and natural selection as drivers of genetic and phenotypic differentiation in a widespread amphibian Hyla annectans (Anura: Hylidae)
The role of geological events and Pleistocene climatic fluctuations as drivers of current patterns of genetic variation in extant species has been a topic of continued interest among evolutionary biologists. Nevertheless, comprehensive studies of widely distributed species are still rare, especially from Asia. Using geographically extensive sampling of many individuals and a large number of nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we studied the phylogeography and historical demography of Hyla annectans populations in southern China. Thirty-five sampled populations were grouped into seven clearly defined genetic clusters that closely match phenotype-based subspecies classification. These lineages diverged 2.32–5.23 million years ago, a timing that closely aligns with the rapid and drastic uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent southwest China. Demographic analyses and species distribution models indicate that different populations of this species have responded differently to past climatic changes. In the Hengduan Mountains, most populations experienced a bottleneck, whereas the populations located outside of the Hengduan Mountains have gradually declined in size since the end of the last glaciation. In addition, the levels of phenotypic and genetic divergence were strongly correlated across major clades. These results highlight the combined effects of geological events and past climatic fluctuations, as well as natural selection, as drivers of contemporary patterns of genetic and phenotypic variation in a widely distributed anuran in Asia.
List of specimens, collection numbers, localities, and GenBank accessions of sequences. The neotype of Scinax x‑signatus is underlined. New sequences produced for this study are in bold. Abbreviations are as follow. Countries: ARG = Argentina, BOL = Bolivia, BRA = Brazil, GUF = French Guiana, GUY = Guyana, MTQ = Martinique, PER = Peru, SUR = Suriname; Brazilian states: AP = Amapá, BA = Bahia, CE = Ceará, ES = Espírito Santo, MA = Maranhão, MG = Minas Gerais, PE = Pernambuco, RJ = Rio de Janeiro, RS = Rio Grande do Sul, SP = São Paulo. An asterisk (*) indicates approximate coordinates taken from Google Earth. in A neotype for Hyla x-signata Spix, 1824 (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae)
List of specimens, collection numbers, localities, and GenBank accessions of sequences. The neotype of Scinax x‑signatus is underlined. New sequences produced for this study are in bold. Abbreviations are as follow. Countries: ARG = Argentina, BOL = Bolivia, BRA = Brazil, GUF = French Guiana, GUY = Guyana, MTQ = Martinique, PER = Peru, SUR = Suriname; Brazilian states: AP = Amapá, BA = Bahia, CE = Ceará, ES = Espírito Santo, MA = Maranhão, MG = Minas Gerais, PE = Pernambuco, RJ = Rio de Janeiro, RS = Rio Grande do Sul, SP = São Paulo. An asterisk (*) indicates approximate coordinates taken from Google Earth.
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