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Fig. 12 in Development and gastrulation in Hyloxalus vertebralis and Dendrobates auratus (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 12. Gastrulation of dendrobatid frogs in comparison with X. laevis. To facilitate the comparison, the stages (st) are given as column headings: Stage 12, late-gastrula; Stage 12.5, advanced late-gastrula; Stage 13, slit blastopore stage. The letters in the upper right-hand corner indicate the species: Ab, Ameerega bilinguis; Da, Dendrobates auratus; Ea, Epipedobates anthonyi; Et, Epipedobates tricolor; Hv, Hyloxalus vertebralis; Xl, Xenopus laevis. (A–C) Diagrams of X. laevis embryos. (D–R) Sagittal sections of gastrulae. (D–F) Embryos of E. anthonyi. (The section in E was reproduced from Montenegro–Larrea and del Pino, 2011). (G–I) Embryos of E. tricolor. (J–L) Embryos of H. vertebralis. (M–O) Embryos of A. bilinguis. (P–R) Embryos of D. auratus. a, archenteron; bl, blastocoel; cbc; circumblastoporal collar; dl, dorsal blastopore lip; yp, yolk plug.

Fig. 4. Stage 14 in Development and gastrulation in Hyloxalus vertebralis and Dendrobates auratus (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 4. Stage 14: Early neural fold stage of H. vertebralis and D. auratus embryos. Micrographs of H. vertebralis embryos are shown in A, C, and micrographs of D. auratus embryos are shown in B, D. Sections shown in C–D were stained for cell nuclei. (A) Lateral view of a neural fold stage embryo. (B) Dorsal view of a neural fold stage embryo. The neural plate was visible in embryos of the two species. (C) Cross section through the region of the trunk (Reproduced from Hervas and del Pino, 2013). (D) Cross section through the caudal region of an embryo. The notochord was visible in C and D. b, blastopore; e, endoderm; ec, ectoderm; n, notochord; nf, neural fold; pm, paraxial mesoderm.

Fig. 8. Stage 18 in Development and gastrulation in Hyloxalus vertebralis and Dendrobates auratus (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 8. Stage 18: Muscular activity stage of H. vertebralis and D. auratus embryos. Micrographs of H. vertebralis embryos are shown in A, C, E, and micrographs of D. auratus embryos are shown in B, D, F. Sections shown in C–D were stained for cell nuclei. (A) Lateral view of an embryo. (B) Dorsal view of an embryo. The gill buds were visible on each side of the head in embryos of both species. (C–D) Cross sections through the trunk. The cavity in D corresponds to the gut. (E–F) Horizontal sections. A row of numerous somites was detected on each side of the notochord. The brain and the otocysts were visible in E, and the gut was visible in F. bn, brain; ec, ectoderm; g, gut; gb, gill bud; hy, hyoid arch; ma, mandibular arch; n notochord; nt, neural tube; ot, otocyst; p, pronephros; s, somite.

Fig. 1 in Development and gastrulation in Hyloxalus vertebralis and Dendrobates auratus (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 1. External views of H. vertebralis embryos from cleavage to the neurula stage. (A) Stage 2: Two-cell stage. (B) Stage 4: Eightcell stage. (C) Stage 5: Sixteen-cell stage. (D) Stage 9: Advanced blastula. (E) Stage 10: Early gastrula. (F) Stage 11: Mid-gastrula. (G) Stage 12: Late-gastrula. (H) Stage 12.5: Late-gastrula with a small yolk plug. (I) Stage 13: Slit-blastopore stage. (J) Stage 13.5: Advanced slit-blastopore stage. The neural plate was visible. (K) Stage 14: Early neural fold stage. (L) Stage 15: Mid-neural fold stage. In this and the following figures, the developmental stage (st) is given in top right-hand corner of each image; b, blastopore; c, cleavage furrow; dl, dorsal blastopore lip; np, neural plate; nt, neural tube; yp, yolk plug.

Fig. 3 in Development and gastrulation in Hyloxalus vertebralis and Dendrobates auratus (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 3. Internal morphology of the H. vertebralis and D. auratus early gastrula. Micrographs of H. vertebralis embryos are shown in A, B, E–G, and micrographs of D. auratus embryos are shown in C, D, H–J. Sections shown in E–G, I–J were stained for cell nuclei. (A) Stage 9: Sagittal section of an advanced blastula. (B) Stage 10: Sagittal section of an early gastrula. (C) Stage 10: Sagittal section of an early gastrula. (D) Stage 11: Sagittal section of the mid-gastrula. (E) Stage 10: Higher magnification of the dorsal blastopore groove from the embryo in B. The arrow signals a bottle cell. (F) Stage 10: The blastocoel roof of an early gastrula. It was two-three cells in thickness. (G) Stage 12.5: One cell layer in the blastocoel roof of a late-gastrula. (H) Stage 10: Higher magnification from the embryo in C. The arrow signals a bottle cell. (I) Stage 10: The blastocoel roof of an early gastrula of two cells in thickness. (J) Stage 11: The blastocoel roof of mid-gastrula with one-two cells in thickness. bl, blastocoel; bg, blastopore groove; dl, dorsal blastopore lip; vl, ventral blastopore lip.

Fig. 7. Stage 17 in Development and gastrulation in Hyloxalus vertebralis and Dendrobates auratus (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 7. Stage 17: Tail bud stage of H. vertebralis embryos. (A) Lateral view of an embryo. (B) Cross section through the trunk region of the embryo in A. (C) Horizontal section at the level of the notochord and somites with the rostral region towards the left. A row of somites was detected on each side of the notochord. A portion of the neural tube was detected in the rostral region of the section. br, branchial arch; e, endoderm; ec, ectoderm; hy, hyoid arch; ma, mandibular arch; n notochord; nt, neural tube; s, somite.

Fig. 6. Stage 16 in Development and gastrulation in Hyloxalus vertebralis and Dendrobates auratus (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 6. Stage 16: Closure of the neural tube in embryos of H. vertebralis and D. auratus. Micrographs of H. vertebralis embryos are shown in A, C, and micrographs of D. auratus embryos are shown in B, D. Sections shown in C–D were stained for cell nuclei. (A–B) Dorsal views of embryos. The neural tube was closed. The branchial arches were visible in the head region. (C) Cross section through the rostral region, anterior to the notochord. The neural tube was completely closed. (Reproduced from Hervas and del Pino, 2013). (D) Cross sections through the trunk region of an embryo. The somites were visible. br, branchial arch; e, endoderm; ec, ectoderm; hy, hyoid arch; ma, mandibular arch; m, mesoderm; n notochord; nt, neural tube; s, somite.

Fig. 2 in Development and gastrulation in Hyloxalus vertebralis and Dendrobates auratus (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 2. External views of H. vertebralis embryos from closure of the neural tube to hatching. (A) Stage 16.5: Closure of the neural tube. (B) Stage 17: Tail bud stage. The brachial arches protruded on the sides of the head. (C) Stage 19: Embryo at the muscular response stage. (D) Stage 19.5: Gill buds of the two external gill pairs were visible. (E) Stage 21: Development of the external gills. There were seven branches in the first gill pair and the second gill pair was unbranched. (F) Stage 25: Embryo at hatching. br, branchial arch; e, eye; g, gills; gb, gill bud; tf, tail fin.

Fig. 5. Stage 15 in Development and gastrulation in Hyloxalus vertebralis and Dendrobates auratus (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 5. Stage 15: Mid-neural fold stage of embryos of H. vertebralis and D. auratus. Micrographs of H. vertebralis embryos are shown in A, C, and micrographs of D. auratus embryos are shown in B, D. Sections shown in C–D were stained for cell nuclei. (A–B) Dorsal views of embryos. The neural tube was open in embryos of both species. (C) Cross section through the caudal region. The notochord was not detected in this caudal region (Reproduced from Hervas and del Pino, 2013). (D) Cross section through the trunk region. The notochord was visible. e, endoderm; ec, ectoderm; n, notochord; nf neural fold; pm, paraxial mesoderm.

Fig. 10. Stages 20–22 in Development and gastrulation in Hyloxalus vertebralis and Dendrobates auratus (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 10. Stages 20–22: External gill development in H. vertebralis. (A) Stage 20: Circulation to the external gills. Three branches were visible in the first gill pair. The second gill pair was unbranched. (B) Stage 22: The external gills enlarged. Seven branches were visible in the first gill pair. The second gill pair was unbranched. (C) Stage 20: Horizontal section at the level of the brain. (D) Stage 22: Horizontal section at the level of the internal gills. bn, brain; ey, eye; ec, ectoderm; fg, first gill pair; g, internal gill; nt, notochord; ot, otocyst; s, somite; sg, second gill pair.

Fig. 9. Stage 19 in Development and gastrulation in Hyloxalus vertebralis and Dendrobates auratus (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 9. Stage 19: Muscular response stage of H. vertebralis and D. auratus embryos. Micrographs of H. vertebralis embryos are shown in A, C, E, and micrographs of D. auratus embryos are shown in B, D, F. (A) Lateral view of an embryo. (B) Dorsal view of an embryo. The developing gills were visible. (C–D) Cross sections through the trunk. The dorsal fin was visible in C, and the pronephros in D. (E) Horizontal section at the level of the gut. (F) Horizontal section at the level of the brain and the gut. bn, brain; df, dorsal fin; fg, first gill pair; g, gut; gb, gill bud; hy, hyoid arch; ma, mandibular arch; n notochord; nt, neural tube; p, pronephros; s, somite.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/a7c626e6-097a-486b-80a1-309d02be4506">https://bionomia.net/dataset/a7c626e6-097a-486b-80a1-309d02be4506</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/a7c626e6-097a-486b-80a1-309d02be4506">https://gbif.org/dataset/a7c626e6-097a-486b-80a1-309d02be4506</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

opennotspecifiedMar 2020View details →

FIGURE 2 in Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia

FIGURE 2. Details of the arm gland in adult males of some Colombian species of the genus Hyloxalus: (A–B) black arm gland of Hyloxalus ramosi (IAvH-Am-5496, SVL =18.2 mm); (C–D) black arm gland of Hyloxalus fascianigrus (IAvH-Am- 6224, SVL =18.4 mm); (E–F) black arm gland Hyloxalus lehmanni (IAvH-Am-1793, SVL =18.1 mm); (G–H) pale arm gland Hyloxalus arliensis sp. nov. (Paratype IAvH-Am-6554, SVL =17.3 mm); (I–J) pale arm gland Hyloxalus saltuarius (IAvH-Am- 7644, SVL =20.0 mm).

opennotspecifiedMar 2020View details →

FIGURE 1 in Description of a new diminutive Hyloxalus (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from the Magdalena Valley of Colombia

FIGURE 1. Altitudinal distribution of the species of the genus Hyloxalus in Colombia. * Records that represent a wide distribution throughout the Andean region probably correspond to species complexes.

FIGURE 11 in A new species of Leucostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Cordillera Mache-Chindul in northwestern Ecuador, with comments on similar Colostethus and Hyloxalus

FIGURE 11.—Maximum likelihood tree depicting evolutionary relationships within Leucostethus and Colostethinae inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Bayesian posterior probabilities> 95 and bootstrap support> 70% are indicated by an asterisk (*). The inset map indicates the type locality of Leucostethus bilsa sp. nov. (yellow dot), and localities of Leucostethus sp., Epipedobates boulengeri and E. sp. (aff. darwinwallacei). Colored species next to the clades are species occurring in the Isla Gorgona and the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador.

FIGURE 10 in A new species of Leucostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Cordillera Mache-Chindul in northwestern Ecuador, with comments on similar Colostethus and Hyloxalus

FIGURE 10.—Sonogram of the advertisement call of adult male Leucostethus bilsa sp. nov. recorded on 5 January 2004 (tape MR2004-1-12); specimen not collected but photographed in life (see Fig. 4B). Three consecutive notes selected from near the center of a call consisting of 84 notes.

FIGURE 9 in A new species of Leucostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Cordillera Mache-Chindul in northwestern Ecuador, with comments on similar Colostethus and Hyloxalus

FIGURE 9.—Ventral view of hyoid plate and mandible (A) and scapular girdle (B) of the skeleton of Leucostethus bilsa sp. nov. (CJ 7775, female). Scale = 3 mm. Photos by Steven Guevara.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Leucostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Cordillera Mache-Chindul in northwestern Ecuador, with comments on similar Colostethus and Hyloxalus

FIGURE 7.—Testes (indicated by arrows) and eggs of Leucostethus bilsa sp. nov., showing differences in pigmentation: (A) both testes unpigmented white (INABIO 3632); (B) one testis unpigmented white, and one testis brown (QCAZ 14700); (C) eggs (CJ 7765). Photos (A, B) by Verónica Armas-Ortiz and HMOA and (C) by Diego Acosta-López and Andrea Terán-Valdez.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Leucostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Cordillera Mache-Chindul in northwestern Ecuador, with comments on similar Colostethus and Hyloxalus

FIGURE 6.—Dorsal (upper row) and ventral (lower row) aspects of preserved paratype specimens of Leucostethus bilsa sp. nov. (A) INABIO 3632, adult male; (B) INABIO 3786, adult male; (C) INABIO 3649, juvenile female; (D) INABIO 3785, sub-adult female). Note dark spotting on the chin of adult males (INABIO 3632 and 3786), in contrast to pale unmarked ventral surfaces of females (INABIO 3649 and 3785), and dark spotting extending ventro-laterally on adult male INABIO 3632. Photos by HMOA.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Leucostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Cordillera Mache-Chindul in northwestern Ecuador, with comments on similar Colostethus and Hyloxalus

FIGURE 3.—Live adults of Leucostethus bilsa sp. nov. depicting variation in coloration: (A) CJ 8423, female, SVL = 25.8 mm); (B) CJ 7765, female, SVL = 25.0 mm). Photos by Diego Acosta-López.