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Fig. 16 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 16. Male representatives of three subfamilies. A–B. Formica wheeleri, Formicinae (U.S.A., CASENT0173024, A. Nobile). C–D. Rhytidoponera, Ectatomminae, ectaheteromorph clade (Australia, CASENT0004610, A. Nobile). E–F. Pogonomyrmex rastratus (Argentina, CASENT0172673, A. Nobile). Scale bars: A, C = 0.5 mm, B, D, F = 1.0 mm, E = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 9 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 9. Apomyrma CD01, male, photomicrographs. A. Forewing. B. Hindwing. C. Abdominal sternum IX, ventral view. D. Genital capsule, dorsal view. E. Genital valves, slightly splayed and without cupula, ventral view. F. Genital capsule, lateral view. G. Volsella and paramere, mesal view. H. Penisvalva in situ, mesal view. Scale bars: A–B = 0.5 mm, C–H = 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and Methods.

Fig. 10 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 10. Representative males of Leptanillinae, lateral view A. Protanilla "TH01" (Thailand, CASENT0119776, A. Nobile), arrow indicates loss of abdominal segment II petiolation. B. Protanilla "TH03" (Thailand, CASENT0119791, E. Prado). C. Leptanilla swani (Australia, CASENT0172318, A. Nobile). D. Protanilla sp. (Indonesia, CASENT0178838, A. Nobile), arrow indicates basolateral basimeral process. E. Scyphodon sp. (Indonesia, MCZ155112w, A. Nobile). F. Noonilla sp., used with permission from Petersen (1968). Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 0.2 mm, D = 0.5 mm, B = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 12 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 12. Martialis heureka Rabeling & Verhaagh, 2008, male, wing photomicrographs and genitalia illustrations, genital membranes not shown. A. Forewing. B. Hindwing. C. Abdominal sternum IX, ventral view. D. Genital capsule, dorsal view. E. Genital capsule, ventral view. F. Genital capsule, lateral view. G. Volsella and paramere, mesal view. H. Penisvalva in situ, mesal view. Scale bars: A–B = 0.5 mm, C–H = 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and Methods.

Fig. 15 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 15. Male representatives of three subfamilies. A, D. Frontal view. B–C, E. Lateral view. — A–B. Pseudomyrmex holmgreni, Pseudomyrmecinae (Paraguay, CASENT0173758, A. Nobile). C. Aneuretus simoni, Aneuretinae, used with permission from Wilson et al. (1956). D–E. Technomyrmex difficilis, Dolichoderinae (Madagascar, CASENT0049968, A. Nobile). Scale bars: A, D = 0.2 mm, B = 1.0 mm, E = 0.5 mm, no scale available for C.

Fig. 14 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 14. Male representatives of three subfamilies. A, C, E. Frontal view. B, D, F. Lateral view. — A–B. Proceratium creek, Proceratiinae (U.S.A., CASENT010441, A. Nobile). C–D. Acanthostichus, Dorylinae (French Guiana, CASENT0056970, A. Nobile). E–F. Myrmecia chasei, Myrmeciinae (Australia, CASENT0903663, W. Ericson). Scale bars: A, C = 0.2 mm, B, E = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm, E = 2.0 mm.

Fig. 4. Male morphology. A–C. Abdominal sternum IX in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 4. Male morphology. A–C. Abdominal sternum IX in ventral view. B. Oblique. D–E. Petiole in lateral view. F. Forewing in dorsal view. G–H. Propodeum in lateral view. — A. Aenictogiton indet. (Zambia, CASENT0106126, M. Branstetter). B. Cerapachys "parasyscia" lineage (Kenya, B. Boudinot). C. Emeryopone buttelreepeni (Thailand, CASENT0278779, B. Boudinot). D. Paraponera clavata (?Panama, B. Boudinot). E. Cerapachys lividus (Madagascar, CASENT0138502, D. Raharinjanahary). F. Phaulomyrma indet. (Thailand, UCRENT150358, A. Nobile). G. Leptanillinae indet. (Thailand, CASENT0156249, B. Boudinot); arrow indicates dorsal margin of petiolar foramen. H. Adelomyrmex dentivagans; arrow indicates propodeal lobe. All scale bars = 0.2 mm, except D–E = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 11 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 11. Martialis heureka Rabeling & Verhaagh, 2008, male, photomicrographs. A. Head, frontal view. B. Head, anteroventral oblique view. C. Body, lateral view. D. Body, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B = 0.2 mm, C–D = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 8 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 8. Apomyrma CD01, male, photomicrographs (CASENT0086073, E. Prado). A. Head, frontal view. B. Body, lateral view. C. Body, dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 0.2 mm, B–C = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 2 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 2. Pterothoracic venter morphology of representative hymenopterans. A. Tenthredinidae, female. B. Polistes (Vespidae), worker. C. Paraponera clavata gyne (Paraponerinae, Formicidae). Scale bars = 1.0 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and Methods.

Fig. 13 in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 13. Male representatives of three subfamilies. A, C, E. Frontal view. B, D, F. Lateral view. — A–B. Tatuidris tatusia, Agroecomyrmecinae (Panama, CASENT0178870, E. Prado). C–D. Paraponera clavata, Paraponerinae (Guyana, CASENT0902407, R. Perry). E–F. Pseudoponera stigma, Ponerinae (Paraguay, CASENT0178182, A. Nobile). Scale bars: A = 0.1 mm, B = 0.5 mm, C, F = 1.0 mm, D = 2.0 mm, E = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 7. A–B. Forewing. A. Ventral view, gyne. B. Dorsal view, male. C–D in Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages

Fig. 7. A–B. Forewing. A. Ventral view, gyne. B. Dorsal view, male. C–D. Mesosoma, lateral view, male. E–F. Paramere, lateral view, male. — A. Aneuretus simoni (Sri Lanka, CASENT0172259, A. Nobile). B. Nylanderia vividula (U.S.A., CASENT0058918, A. Nobile). C. Apomyrma stygia (Central African Republic, CASENT0086073, E. Prado). D. Anochetus boltoni (Madagascar, CASENT0063847, A. Nobile). E. Dolichoderus validus (Costa Rica, INB0003662427, B. Boudinot). F. Formica pacifica (U.S.A., JTLC000006350, B. Boudinot). Scale bars: A–C, E–F = 0.5 mm, D = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 25 in A taxonomic revision of seed harvester ants of the Tetramorium solidum group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Africa

Fig. 25. Map showing the diversity of the T. solidum group across the different ecoregions of southern Africa. Numbers in the legend indicate number of species.

Fig. 23. Tetramorium solidum Emery, 1886 in A taxonomic revision of seed harvester ants of the Tetramorium solidum group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Africa

Fig. 23. Tetramorium solidum Emery, 1886 (CASENT0250960). A. Body in profile. B. Body in dorsal view. C. Head in full-face view.

Fig. 22. Tetramorium signatum Emery, 1895 in A taxonomic revision of seed harvester ants of the Tetramorium solidum group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Africa

Fig. 22. Tetramorium signatum Emery, 1895 (SAM-HYM-C020573). A. Body in profile. B. Body in dorsal view. C. Head in full-face view.

Fig. 5 in A taxonomic revision of seed harvester ants of the Tetramorium solidum group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Africa

Fig. 5. Tetramorium aisha Mbanyana, Robertson & Hita Garcia sp. nov. (CASENT0250969). A. Body in profile. B. Body in dorsal view. C. Head in full-face view.

Fig. 8. Tetramorium clunum Forel, 1913 in A taxonomic revision of seed harvester ants of the Tetramorium solidum group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Africa

Fig. 8. Tetramorium clunum Forel, 1913 (CASENT0764600). A. Body in profile. B. Body in dorsal view. C. Head in full-face view.

Fig. 12. Tetramorium glabratum Stitz, 1923 in A taxonomic revision of seed harvester ants of the Tetramorium solidum group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Africa

Fig. 12. Tetramorium glabratum Stitz, 1923 (SAM-HYM-C024395). A. Body in profile. B. Body in dorsal view. C. Head in full-face view.

Fig. 21. Tetramorium setuliferum Emery, 1895 in A taxonomic revision of seed harvester ants of the Tetramorium solidum group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Africa

Fig. 21. Tetramorium setuliferum Emery, 1895 (MCZ_ENT00512567). A. Body in profile. B. Body in dorsal view. C. Head in full-face view.

Fig. 13. Tetramorium grandinode Santschi, 1913 in A taxonomic revision of seed harvester ants of the Tetramorium solidum group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Africa

Fig. 13. Tetramorium grandinode Santschi, 1913 (CASENT0764655). A. Body in profile. B. Body in dorsal view. C. Head in full-face view.