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11 results for “Hypena”
An experimental application of Hypena opulenta as a biocontrol agent for the invasive vine Vincetoxicum rossicum
<p>1. Pre-release testing for biological control agents is focused primarily on assessment of host-range specificity and safety of potential agents. Agent impact is considered pre-release, however the ultimate assessment of an agent must occur following release in the field under the target population levels and conditions of the invaded ecosystems. The invasive Eurasian vine, Vincetoxicum rossicum, has spread aggressively through its invaded range of eastern North America since its initial introduction in the late 1800's. In laboratory tests, the Eurasian moth Hypena opulenta has shown great promise as a potential control agent for V. rossicum.</p> <p>2. We were interested in the defoliating ability of H. opulenta and its subsequent effect on the seed production of V. rossicum under field conditions. To examine this, we established a field site near Kirkfield, Ontario that consisted of meadow and forest understory plots, both of which were highly invaded by V. rossicum.</p> <p>3. We report highly significant feeding by H. opulenta in both light conditions. Unexpectedly, we observed a significant increase in seed production following folivory in shade conditions. We observed no significant effect of larval folivory on seed production under sun conditions, where V. rossicum seed production is greater by a factor of ten as compared to shade conditions.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and application: It is unclear how continuous exposure to folivory by H. opulenta will affect mature V. rossicum stands, although it might be expected that such populations would invest in defenses to herbivory, possibly at the expense of reproductive output. In order to better understand if V. rossicum populations in either light condition could exhibit longer-term compensatory growth in response to folivory, further experimental work is needed that examines inter-annual variability in V. rossicum reproduction at variable H. opulenta densities.</p>
An experimental application of Hypena opulenta as a biocontrol agent for the invasive vine Vincetoxicum rossicum
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Does the presence of the biological control agent, Hypena opulenta (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) on Swallow-Worts deter Monarch oviposition?
<p>Abstract Invasive black and pale swallow-worts (Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench, and Vincetoxicum rossicum Kelopow), which are related to milkweeds, can act as ecological traps for monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)) as they lay eggs on them that fail to develop. A recently approved biological control agent against swallow-worts, Hypena opulenta Christoph, occupies the same feeding guild on swallow-worts as monarch larvae and could be perceived as a competitor to monarchs. We tested how the presence of this defoliating moth on swallow-worts may influence monarch host selection. In a two-year field experiment, we placed pale swallow-wort plants that were either infested with H. opulenta or noninfested as well as common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.), into monarch habitats to assess oviposition rates. In the laboratory, monarchs were either given a choice or not between milkweeds and black swallow-worts with or without H. opulenta. While monarchs strongly preferred common milkweed in the field, up to 25% of the eggs we observed were laid on pale swallow-wort, without preference for swallow-wort with (10.7%) or without (14.3%) H. opulenta. In laboratory choice and no-choice tests, monarchs did not lay any eggs on black swallow-wort, likely because of the long-term laboratory rearing on common milkweeds. Our results confirm that pale swallow-wort may act as an oviposition sink to monarchs in Michigan as well. Since the biological control program is still in its infancy, the nature of interactions between monarchs and H. opulenta may change as the biocontrol agent becomes more widespread.</p>
FIGURE 12 in On the status of Hypena helenae Berio, 1972 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae)
FIGURE 12. Phylogenetic hypothesis for Hypena helenae and its allies and, as outgroup taxa, two specimens of Rivula sericealis based on a maximum likelihood analysis of the barcoding section of COI. The best-fit model chosen according to Bayesian information criterion was TIM2+F+G4. Numbers at branches show SH-aLRT support (%) / ultrafast bootstrap support (%) values. Support values for weakly supported branches (<90 %) are not shown. Sequences marked in red have been compiled in this study. The labels of the individual specimens consist of voucher number, species name and country of origin. Taxonomy according to the entries in the databases; H. abyssinalis = H. fumidalis, H. laceratalis = H. commixtalis, H. helenae syn. nov. = H. commixtalis.
FIGURES 1–9. 1 in On the status of Hypena helenae Berio, 1972 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae)
FIGURES 1–9. 1. Hypena commixtalis, ♂, St. Helena, Jamestown, Cambrian House, barcode MNVD-11450-C05; 2. H. commixtalis, ♀, Ascension, Green Mountain, Elliot's Path, barcode MNVD-DEI-010; 3. H. commixtalis, ♀, Uganda, Bwindi Forest; 4. H. fumidalis, ♂, South Africa, Soutpansberg; 5. H. commixtalis, male genitalia (gen. slide 3598), St. Helena, Sandy Bay Valley; 6. H. fumidalis, male genitalia (gen. slide 3601), South Africa, Soutpansberg; 7. H. commixtalis, female genitalia (gen. slide 3600), Ascension; 8. Resting moth (arrow) of H. commixtalis, Ascension, Green Mountain, Elliot's Path (photo: Karisch, 2017); 9. Larva of H. commixtalis on Lantana camara, Ascension, Green Mountain, below summit (photo: Karisch, 2017).
Does the presence of the biological control agent, Hypena opulenta (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) on Swallow-Worts deter Monarch oviposition?
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Figure 4 from: Ferreira RL, Martins VM, Paixão ER, Silva MS (2015) Spatial and temporal fluctuations of the abundance of Neotropical cave-dwelling moth Hypena sp. (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) influenced by temperature and humidity. Subterranean Biology 16: 47-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.16.5137
Figure 4 - Spatial distribution maps of Hypena sp. demonstrating different densities between seasons. In the dry seasons (17/07/1999 and 10/07/2000) individuals are located in the deepest region of the cave, an opposite pattern during rainy seasons (16/01/2000 and 19/01/2001) when the population of individuals becomes denser in the region near the cave entrance. Blue colors indicate low densities while light yellow colors indicate high densities.
Figure 1 from: Ferreira RL, Martins VM, Paixão ER, Silva MS (2015) Spatial and temporal fluctuations of the abundance of Neotropical cave-dwelling moth Hypena sp. (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) influenced by temperature and humidity. Subterranean Biology 16: 47-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.16.5137
Figure 1 - A Photograph indicating the cave entrance and the surrounding region, whose native forest was turned into pasture B Conduit located in the area near the entrance C Individuals of Hypena sp. resting on the cave wall.
Figure 3 from: Ferreira RL, Martins VM, Paixão ER, Silva MS (2015) Spatial and temporal fluctuations of the abundance of Neotropical cave-dwelling moth Hypena sp. (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) influenced by temperature and humidity. Subterranean Biology 16: 47-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.16.5137
Figure 3 - Spatial Point Pattern Analysis of the second monitoring (January 2000). A Dot map and (B), shows the estimations of the function K (r is the distance argument, Dashed line corresponds to the theoretical value of this function is Complete Spatial Randomness and solid lineis the Observed value of the K function for the date pattern) C Map Kernel Estimates of intensity.
Figure 2 from: Ferreira RL, Martins VM, Paixão ER, Silva MS (2015) Spatial and temporal fluctuations of the abundance of Neotropical cave-dwelling moth Hypena sp. (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) influenced by temperature and humidity. Subterranean Biology 16: 47-60. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.16.5137
Figure 2 - A Variation in temperature and humidity along the Taboa cave, showing a tendency to stabilize in the deeper parts of the cave. The table shows the section in which the Hypena sp specimens were collected (B) Change in abundance over the transects, the arrow indicates the spatial extent where the effects of the surface seasonality promote decrease and expansion in the population distribution.
FIGURES 10–11 in On the status of Hypena helenae Berio, 1972 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae)
FIGURES 10–11. Habitats of H. commixtalis. 10. St. Helena, Sandy Bay Valley, opposite to Lot (photo: 2018, Karisch); 11. Ascension, Green Mountain, way from ruin to summit (photo: 2017, Karisch).
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