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FIGURE 2. Hypopygus varii, MNRJ 46752 in A new species of Hypopygus Hoedeman (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) from the rio Trombetas system, Amazon basin, Brazil

FIGURE 2. Hypopygus varii, MNRJ 46752, holotype, 89.0 mm LEA. Head and anteriomost portion of body. Scale bar: 10 mm. Arrow indicates anus position.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Hypopygus Hoedeman (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) from the rio Trombetas system, Amazon basin, Brazil

FIGURE 4. Strict consensus tree of four fundamental most parsimonious cladograms (length 55, CI = 0.89, RI = 0.92) showing phylogenetic relationships between Hypopygus species. See text for details and discussion.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Hypopygus Hoedeman (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) from the rio Trombetas system, Amazon basin, Brazil

FIGURE 3. Map of northern South America showing approximate type-localities of Hypopygus species. Square: Hypopygus varii; circles: 1 = H. benoneae; 2 = H. cryptogenes; 3 = H. hoedemani; 4 = H. isbruckeri; 5 = H. lepturus; 6 = H. minissimus; 7 = H. neblinae; 8 = H. nijsseni; 9 = H. ortegai.

FIGURE 1. Hypopygus varii, MNRJ 46752 in A new species of Hypopygus Hoedeman (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) from the rio Trombetas system, Amazon basin, Brazil

FIGURE 1. Hypopygus varii, MNRJ 46752, holotype, 89.0 mm LEA, Brazil, Pará, Oriximiná, igarapé Saracá. (a) Left lateral view of body; (b) dorsal view of same specimen, head to left. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figure 27 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 27. Hypopygus neblinae, nontype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body. UF 148540 (WC49.150304), female, 78 mm: Venezuela, Caño Viejita, on road from San Fernando de Atabapo to Santa Bárbara, 16.5 km and 142° from San Fernando de Atabapo town centre, Río Orinoco drainage. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 17 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 17. Electric organ discharges (EODs) of Hypopygus as time-voltage waveforms recorded in the far-field. The EODs were in all cases taken from immature specimens or females with adult morphology, and are representative of most individuals of each species (small juveniles and sexually mature males present EODs that in some cases differ from those of larger juveniles, immature adults, and females). A, Hypopygus cryptogenes, INPA uncatalogued, 80 mm (poor signal recording quality). B, Hypopygus isbruckeri, UF 148537 (WC38.150304), immature, 76 mm. C, Hypopygus lepturus, UF 176883 (WC21.090307), female, 92 mm. D, Hypopygus minissimus, UF 148533 (WC41.120304), female, 42 mm. E, Hypopygus neblinae, UF 148540 (WC36.150304), female, 77 mm. F, Hypopygus nijsseni MCP 44740 (WC01.070703), immature, 70 mm. G, Hypopygus ortegai, MUSM 35305, holotype (WC02.160104), female, 107 mm. Scale bars = 1 ms. Dashed horizontal line = 0 volts. Note that all species generate EODs with a similar four- or five-phase structure, with minimal interspecific variation in duration (except in H. neblinae where the EOD is clearly longer).

Figure 11 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 11. Pectoral girdle of Hypopygus ortegai, UF 148540 (WC04.160104), 130 mm; left side, medial view, anterior to left, inverted figure.

Figure 15 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 15. Postpectoral accessory electric organ and associated dorsal and ventral grooves of Hypopygus nijsseni MCP 44737, 75 mm; left side, lateral view, anterior to left.

Figure 10 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 10. Pectoral girdle of Hypopygus cryptogenes MZUSP 30088, 147 mm; left side, medial view, anterior to left, inverted figure. Note the extension of the posteroventral portion of the coracoid.

Figure 6 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 6. Lower jaw of Hypopygus isbruckeri, UF 148539, 90 mm; left side, medial view, anterior to left. Note the posterodorsal margin of the dentary is straight.

Figure 14 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 14. Ventral portion of the gill arches of Hypopygus hoedemani, MZUSP 81488, 47.7 mm TL; dorsal view, anterior to left. Abbreviations: bb, basibranchial; bh, basihyal; cb, ceratobranchial; eb, epibranchial; hb, hypobranchial; ib, infrapharyngobranchial; up, upper pharyngeal tooth-plate. Note the posterior portion of the dorsal surface of the basihyal does not bear a ridge and the lack of ossification of the second to fifth basibranchial. Note also the well-developed pharyngeal teeth on cb5. Right dorsal portion of the gill arches not illustrated.

Figure 18 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 18. Map of northern South America showing collection records of Hypopygus cryptogenes. Some symbols represent more than one nearby collecting locality.

Figure 3 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 3. Head of adult Hypopygus ortegai, UF 176879, 101 mm; left side, lateral view, anterior to left. Cephalic sensory canal elements, and the outline of an unidentified bone (located under the antorbital), are highlighted grey. Abbreviations: dpoc, dorsal branch of the preopercular canal; esc, extrascapular canal; io, infraorbital canal; mc, mandibular canal; nc, nasal laterosensory canal; pac, parietal canal; pocl, postotic canal of the lateral line; ptoc, pterotic canal; soc, supraorbital canal; uib, unidentified bone; vpoc, ventral branch of the preopercular canal.

Figure 9 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 9. Posterior portion of endopterygoid and quadrate, metapterygoid (with anterodorsally directed process), symplectic, and adjoining bones in Hypopygus neblinae UF 1480540 (WC12.130304), female, 75 mm; left side, lateral view, anterior to left; larger stippling represents cartilage.

Figure 4 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 4. Head of adult Hypopygus minissimus, UF 148533 (WC 41.120304), female, 43 mm; left side, lateral view, anterior to left. Cephalic sensory canal elements, and the outline of an unidentified bone (located under the antorbital), are highlighted grey. Abbreviations: esc, extrascapular canal; mc, mandibular canal; ptoc, pterotic canal; soc, supraorbital canal; uib, unidentified bone.

Figure 2 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 2. Cleared and stained head of juvenile Brachyhypopomus sp. indet, MCP uncatalogued, 74 mm; left side, lateral view, anterior to left. Upper image shows unmanipulated digital photograph. Lower image is presented as a 'negative', for contrast, with cephalic sensory canal elements highlighted (red) and labeled, and the outline of an unidentified bone, located underneath the antorbital, highlighted (yellow), with no labels. Some of the elements highlighted (red and yellow) are outside the focal plane of the upper image. Abbreviations: aoc, antorbital canal; esc, extrascapular; ioc, infraorbital canal; mc, mandibular canal; nc, nasal laterosensory canal; pac, parietal canal; pasoc, parietal branch of supraorbital canal; poc, preopercular canal; pocl, postotic canal of the lateral line; ptoc, pterotic canal; soc, supraorbital canal. See Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society online for the colour version of this Figure.

Figure 1 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 1. Single most parsimonious phylogenetic tree for Hypopygus, showing the distribution of unambiguous character state transformations. Black rectangles represent reductive characters, and grey rectangles nonreductive characters, with numbers corresponding to character descriptions in the text. Characters marked with the suffix 'R' indicate a reversal of character state. Characters 10–12, 20, 24, 27, 30, and 40 are excluded because they evolve outside clade A. The tree was generated in PAUP* based on the matrix in Appendix 1, rooted a posteriori in the proximate outgroup Steatogenys, and optimized with accelerated transformation optimization (ACCTRAN). Immediate outgroups correspond to Steatogenys (proximate outgroup) and Gymnorhamphichthys + Rhamphichthys (secondary outgroups). Characters 18 and 43 were defined as multistate. Tree length = 54, consistency index = 0.907, and retention index = 0.928, with all branches of zero maximum length collapsed and all characters unordered.

Figure 16 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 16. Hypopygus cryptogenes, holotype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body, 150 mm, MZUSP 47985; Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Negro, Rio Cuieiras. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 19 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 19. Hypopygus hoedemani, holotype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body, 52.9 mm, INPA 30375; Brazil, Igarapé Toari, Rio Preto da Eva drainage. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 30 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 30. Hypopygus ortegai, holotype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body, 107 mm, MUSM 35305 (WC02.160104, female); Peru, Loreto, small unnamed stream, 2 km north of km 3.9 on road from Jenaro Herrera to Colonia Angamos, 04°53′01″S, 073°38′10″W, Loreto, Peru. Scale bars = 5 mm.