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FIG. 5. — Rhytidhysteron subrufulum X.-L in Multigene phylogenetic support for novel Rhytidhysteron Speg. species (Hysteriaceae) from Sichuan Province, China

FIG. 5. — Rhytidhysteron subrufulum X.-L. Xu & C.-L. Yang, sp. nov. (holo-, SICAU19-0010): A, appearance of apothecia on host; B, C, ascomata; D, vertical section of hysteriothecium; E, exciple; F, G, pseudoparaphyses; H-M, asci; N, ocular chamber; O-S, ascospores; T, germinated ascospores; U, colonies on PDA for five days. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 0.5 mm; D, 200 μm; E, 50 μm; F-M, 20 μm; N-T, 10 μm.

FIG. 4. — Rhytidhysteron sichuanensis X.-L in Multigene phylogenetic support for novel Rhytidhysteron Speg. species (Hysteriaceae) from Sichuan Province, China

FIG. 4. — Rhytidhysteron sichuanensis X.-L. Xu & C.-L. Yang, sp. nov. (holo-, SICAU 19-0004): A, appearance of apothecia on host; B, C, ascomata; D, vertical section of hysteriothecium; E, exciple; F, pseudoparaphyses; G-K, asci; L, ocular chamber; M-P, ascospores; Q, germinated ascospores; R, colonies on PDA for six days. Scale bars: A, B, 1 mm; C, 0.5 mm; D, 200 μm; E-K, 20 μm; L-Q, 10 μm.

FIG. 3. — Rhytidhysteron ligustrum X.-L in Multigene phylogenetic support for novel Rhytidhysteron Speg. species (Hysteriaceae) from Sichuan Province, China

FIG. 3. — Rhytidhysteron ligustrum X.-L. Xu & C.-L. Yang, sp. nov. (holo-, SICAU 20-0004): A, appearance of apothecia on host; B, C, ascomata; D, vertical section of hysteriothecium; E, exciple; F, pseudoparaphyses; G-K, asci; L, ocular chamber; M, germinated ascospores; N-Q, ascospores; R, colonies on PDA for five days. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 0.5 mm; D, 100 μm; E-K, 20 μm; L-Q, 10 μm.

FIG. 1 in Multigene phylogenetic support for novel Rhytidhysteron Speg. species (Hysteriaceae) from Sichuan Province, China

FIG. 1. — Phylogram generated from RAxML analyses based on combined LSU, SSU, ITS and tef-1α sequence dataset within the genus Rhytidhysteron Speg. The tree is rooted to Hysterographium fraxini (Pers.) De Not. (CBS 109.43 and MFLU 15-3681). ML ≥70% and BYPP ≥0.95 are defined as ML/BYPP above or below the nodes. The type strains are in bold and the newly generated sequences are highlighted in red.

FIG. 2 in Multigene phylogenetic support for novel Rhytidhysteron Speg. species (Hysteriaceae) from Sichuan Province, China

FIG. 2. — Rhytidhysteron hongheense Wanas (SICAU 19-0006): A, appearance of apothecia on host; B, C, ascomata; D, vertical section of hysteriothecium; E, F, exciple; G, pseudoparaphyses; H-K, asci; L, M, ocular chamber; N-P, ascospores; Q, germinated ascospores; R, colonies on PDA for four days. Scale bars: A, B, 1 mm; C, 0.5 mm; D, 200 μm; E-K, 20 μm; L-Q, 10 μm.

FIGURE 2 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

FIGURE 2: Hysterium madraspatanum. a–d Ascomata on host surface. e–g Hamathecium. e–g Hamathecium of H. madraspatanum. h young developing ascus. i–j Ascus with biseriate ascospores. k Pseudoparaphyses. l young spore showing single septum. m–p Various stages of ascospores. Scale bars: a–b = 2 mm, c–d = 1 mm, e = 0.2 mm, f–g = 0.1 mm, h = 5 µm, i–j =10 µm, k =5µm, l–p = 10µm.

FIGURE 1 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

FIGURE 1: Hysterium madraspatanum. a Habit. b Ascospores. c Various stages of ascus with ascospores. d Pseudoparaphyses showing the branching pattern. Scale bars: a = 0.5 mm, b = 20 µm, c = 20 µm, d = 10 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

FIGURE 3. Phylogram generated from Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) analyses, based on ITS sequence dataset including 15 taxa representing Hysteriaceae. The new species is highlighted in red colour. Bayesian posterior probabilities above 1.0 are are represented at nodes.

TABLE 2 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

TABLE 2. Comparison of morphological characteristics, hosts information of closely related species to Hysterium madraspatanum.<table><tbody><tr><th>S. no Species</th><th>Ascomata</th><th>Exciple</th><th>Hamathecium</th><th>Asci</th><th>Ascospores</th><th>Hosts</th><th>Reference</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1.</th><td>H. barrianum</td><td>Ascomata atypically hysterithecioid, somewhat laterally compressed in the upper region, slightly connivent, sulcus very shallow, existing as a narrow rim, sides laterally striate, striae few and deep, straight to flexuous, sessile on the substrate, rarely bifurcating, taller than wide at maturity: 1–2.5 mm long × 250–450 μm high, 200–300 μm wide.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, cellular, 1–2 μm wide, branched above the ascal layer to form an epithecium.</td><td>Asci bitunicate, cylindrical, short-stipitate, (110)125– 135 × 15–20 μm.</td><td>Phragmospores fusiform, narrow, hyaline and straight when young, becoming pale-yellow to lightly clear brown, and curved when mature, highly guttulate, with guttulae large, highly refractive, present in every cell, with (7–)9(–11) septa, measuring (35–)40–45(–55) × (7–)9–10(–12) μm when mature.</td><td>Quercus</td><td>Boehm et al. 2009.</td></tr><tr><th>2.</th><td>H. insidens</td><td>Fruiting bodies single or in groups, embedded or erumpent, elongated, linear, tapering towards the ends, straight, not branched, up to 2.4 × 0.26 mm.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, septate, branched, with thickened tips, forming an epitheciurn above the asci.</td><td>Asci broad to cylindrical, 8 spored, irregularly biseriate, 140–150 × 18–23 μm.</td><td>Ascospores golden to dark brown, fusiform to oblong, phragmosporous, most commonly with 7 or 8 transverse septa, often Salvia mellifera constricted at median septum, middle cell usually swollen, 28 –35 × 10–12 μm.</td><td>E.J. van der Linde 1992.</td></tr><tr><th>3.</th><td>H. velloziae</td><td>Fruiting bodies arranged in evenly distributed groups, embedded or erumpent, broad to ellipsoid with almost abrupt ends, slit broad, straight, not branched, up to 1.2 × 0.5 mm.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, septate, filiform, not thickened much at the tips, branched to form an epithecium.</td><td>Asci irregularly biseriate, broad cylindrical, 8 spored, 130–140 × 20–25 μm.</td><td>Ascospores light brown with dark brown septa, fusiform, phragmosporous, 13–21 septate, most commonly 14 or 15 septate, 45–50(60) × 10–12 (14) μm.</td><td>-</td><td>E.J. van der Linde 1992.</td></tr><tr><th>4.</th><td>H. angustatum</td><td>Hysterothecia superficial with base immersed, carbonaceous, black, subglobose to elongate, straight or flexuous, smooth laterally, with a longitudinal slit, sulcus shallow, gregarious, lying at irregular angles, without KOH Extractable pigment 0.2–1.4 × 0.1–0.3 mm, 0.1–0.3 mm high.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses Asci bitunicate, cylindrical, septate, hyaline, branched short pedicillate, 8 spored, above the asci, 1–1.5 µm irregularly biseriate, wide. 57.5–88 × 9–11 µm.</td><td>Ascospores 16–30 x 4–8.5 µm, 3- septate (rarely 4-septate), narrowly ellipsoidal-ovoid to cylindrical with rounded ends, often with one side straight, reddish brown, slightly constricted at the septa, the end cells concolorous or slightly paler than median cells.</td><td>Platanus occidentalis, Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, Prunus spinosa, Fraxinus excelsior.</td><td>Jayasiri S. C. et al. 2018.</td></tr><tr><th>5.</th><td>H. citricola</td><td>Ascocarps superficial elongated stromatic, The wall lined by black hard and opening by narrow long slit thick walled cells. measuring from 1537–1762 × 450 –787 µm.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching forming the epithecium at apex</td><td>Asci hyaline to slightly yellow in colour, arises from the basal hymenium layer which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8 spored measuring from 118–170 × 9–11 µm.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, 4 celled, hyaline first later changing to yellow and then dark brown, Citri limon oblong to ellipsoid measuring from 20–26 × 7–8 µm.</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966</td></tr><tr><th>6.</th><td>H. lantanae</td><td>Ascocarp superficial elongated stromatic, black and hard and opening by narrow long slit measuring from 1300–1470 × 450 –525 µm from the basal hymenium layer.</td><td>The wall lined by thick walled cells.</td><td>Paraphysate, paraphyses occasionally branched forming the epithecium at apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer asci originate which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8 spored measuring from 125–145 × 7–11 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, initially two celled and finally four celled, hyaline first, later changing Lantana camara to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 24–30 × 8–9.6 µm.</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966.</td></tr><tr><th>7.</th><td>H. tamarindi</td><td>Ascocarp superficial elongated stromatic black hard and opening by narrow long slit measuring from 700–1560 × 285–435 µm.</td><td>The wall lined by thick walled cells.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching, forming the epithecium at the apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer asci originate which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate 8 spored measuring from 156–210 × 9–11 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour,</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, initially two celled which ultimately become four celled, hyaline first, later changing to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 19–30 × 7–8 µm.</td><td>Tamarindus indica</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966.</td></tr><tr><th>8.</th><td>H. memecyli</td><td>Ascocarps superficial elongated stromatic, black hard and, opening by narrow long slit, measuring from 700–900 × 450–550 µm.</td><td>The wall lined by thick walled cells.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching, forming the epithecium at apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer asci originate which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8 spored measuring from 200–240 × 8–11 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, initially two celled and finally become four celled, hyaline first, later changing to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 29–32 × 7–9 µm.</td><td>Memecylon edule</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966.</td></tr><tr><th>9.</th><td>H. celastrinum</td><td>Ascocarps superficial elongated stromatic, black hard and opening by narrow long slit measuring from 350–750 × 150–250 µm.</td><td>The wall is lined by thick walled cells and measures from 20–30 × 8 –12 µm.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching, forming the epithecium at apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer originate asci which are parallel, bitunicate cylindrical to ctavate 8 spored, measuring from 60–75 × 5–6 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged. 4 celled, hyaline first later changing to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 26.1– 29 × 5.8–9 µm.</td><td>Celastrus paniculatus</td><td>Tilak 1963.</td></tr><tr><th>10.</th><td>H. hyalinum</td><td>Asomata hysteriaceous, i.e they are elongate with a central narrow fissure, black, carbonaceous and remain closed when wet.</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>The asci of the species measures 95–110 × 15 µm.</td><td>Ascospores become pale brown when matured, occasionally, they are 4 or 5 septate.</td><td>Populus</td><td>Cooke et al. 1875.</td></tr><tr><th>11.</th><td>H. pulicare</td><td>Ascostromata 500–2000 × 300–500(–700) µm, 200–300 µm tall, erumpent through bark Peridium with lateral or appearing superficial on wood where the walls 50–90 µm thick, bark is lost, elongate, narrowly elliptical to composed of very fusiform in outline, straight or irregularly dark, near opaque, curved, ovate to doliiform in vertical thick walled brown section, constricted at the base, scattered to black cells, basal or gregarious, superficial or nearly so, dull region similar, with a black, with a conspicuous longitudinal layer of hyaline thin cleft and often with inconspicuous parallel walled cells 40–50 striations, the cleft gradually widening to µm thick forming the expose the hymenium, which is coloured cavity floor. dark brown by the ascospores and encrusted paraphysoids.</td><td>Interascal tissue of paraphysoids ca 1.5 µm diam, filiform with rounded ends, hyaline, smooth, sparsely septate, branched and sometimes anastomosed, exceeding the asci and plugging the ascomatal slit when dry, occasionally with slight apical encrustation where exposed.</td><td>Asci (75–) 100–120 × 17–24 µm, cylindrical-clavate, stalked, tapering to a rounded or irregular base, thick-walled, fissitunicate, apex rounded, 8 spored, arising in parallel from the cavity floor.</td><td>Ascospores 26–37 × 7–12 µm, 3 septate (very rarely 4 septate), end cells much paler (near-hyaline), narrowly ellipsoidal-ovoid to cylindrical with rounded ends, often with one side straight, reddish brown, slightly constricted at the septa, the end cells concolorous or slightly paler than median cells.</td><td>Quercus</td><td>Boehm et al. 2009.</td></tr><tr><th>12.</th><td>H. petiolare</td><td>Hysterothecia 0.5 –1.0 × 0.2–0.4 mm, separate and in subparallel rows, ostiole prominent, frequently with a distinct rim surrounding its base giving a hat-shaped appearance to the fructification.</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>spores hyaline, filiform, non-septate, 40–55 × 1.5 µm.</td><td>Rhus glabra and Quercus</td><td>Lowy B 1949.</td></tr><tr><th>13.</th><td>H. rhizophorae</td><td>Peridium 25–75 (x Saprobic on decaying wood of Ascomata = 50 μm, n = 5)μm hysterothecial, 650–2100 μm long (x = 1060 wide, carbonaceous, μm, n = 5), 100–400 μm high, 170–200 μm comprising an outer wide (x = 243 × 199 μm, n = 5), erumpent layer of dark brown to superficial with base immersed, solitary cells of textura to gregarious, straight to flexuous, ellipsoid globosa and aninner or elongate, with pointed ends, opening by a layer of hyaline to depressed longitudinal slit, invertical section pale brown cells of sub-globose to globose, carbonaceous, black. textura globosa.</td><td>Ascospores 10–17 × 3–5 μm (x = 14 × 4 μm, n = 30), overlapping Pseudoparaphyses Asci 40–65 × 6–12 μm (x = biseriate, light brown, ellipsoidal, 1–2 μm (n = 30) wide, 48 × 10 μm, n = 20),8 spored, straight to slightly curved, with cellular, septate, flexuous, bitunicate, cylindric to 3 transverse septa, often slightly branched. claviform, short pedicellate. constricted at the median septum, with or without guttules.</td><td>Rhizophora apiculata and Aegiceras corniculatum</td><td>Devdatha et al. 2018</td></tr><tr><th>14.</th><td>H. calabash</td><td>Apothecia gregarious in little clusters on the substratum, straight or curved, reaching a length of 1 mm.</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>Asci clavate, reaching a length of 70 μm and a diameter of 10 μm.</td><td>8 spored; spores fusoid, 3 septate, slightly constricted at the septa, pale-brown, about 18 × 8 μm.</td><td>Crescentia cujete and Lagenaria siceraria</td><td>Seaver, F. J. 1924.</td></tr></tbody></table>......continued on the next page......continued on the next page

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TABLE 1 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

TABLE 1. Taxa names, Culture accession, and corresponding GenBank accession numbers of the taxa used in the phylogenetic analyses. Newly generated sequences in this study are indicated in bold.<table><tbody><tr><th>Taxon</th><th>Culture accession</th><th>GenBank accession Number</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Gloniopsis leucaenae</th><td>MFLUCC17-2425</td><td>NR163334</td></tr><tr><th>Gloniopsis calami</th><td>MFLUCC14-0049</td><td>MN860550</td></tr><tr><th>Hysterobrevium constrictum</th><td>JCM2753</td><td>LC228641</td></tr><tr><th>Hysterobrevium mori</th><td>-</td><td>KY496739.1</td></tr><tr><th>Rhytidhysteron thailandicum</th><td>MFLU:19-2373</td><td>MN989428</td></tr><tr><th>Rhytidhysteron mangrovei</th><td>MFLU 18-1894</td><td>NR165548.1</td></tr><tr><th>Rhytidhysteron chromolaenae</th><td>MFLUCC17-1516</td><td>NR171860</td></tr><tr><th>Rhytidhysteron subrufulum</th><td>SDBR-CMU475</td><td>OQ943972</td></tr><tr><th>Rhytidhysteron magnoliae</th><td>KUMCC21-0478</td><td>OP494093</td></tr><tr><th>Rhytidhysteron neorufulum</th><td>MFLUCC13-0221</td><td>KU377562</td></tr><tr><th>Hysterium rhizophorae</th><td>PUFD43</td><td>MG844284.1</td></tr><tr><th>Hysterium pulicare</th><td>CBS240.34</td><td>MH855497</td></tr><tr><th>Hysterium angustatum</th><td>MFLUCC:11-0004</td><td>MN608547</td></tr><tr><th>Hysterium angustatum</th><td>GZCC 19-0119</td><td>OR225030.1</td></tr><tr><th>Hysterium madraspatanum</th><td>MRL-MCC001</td><td>OR420067</td></tr><tr><th>Anteaglonium rubescens</th><td>CBS 143911</td><td>NR164489.1</td></tr><tr><th>Anteaglonium parvulum</th><td>17626ITS</td><td>MN582759</td></tr><tr><th>Anteaglonium gordoniae</th><td>C332</td><td>MK347761</td></tr><tr><th>Anteaglonium hydei</th><td>GZCC 20-0196</td><td>OR224994.1</td></tr><tr><th>Anteaglonium lusitanicum</th><td>AMI-SPL647</td><td>OP441407</td></tr></tbody></table>