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Figs 31–34. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy, 1973, biological traits. 31 in A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies

Figs 31–34. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy, 1973, biological traits. 31. Bamboo shoots of the host plant, Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata, at the edge of an abandoned field in northern Thailand in November. The shoots are 2–5 m tall and up to 2 cm wide at the base. 32. Bamboo internode (ca 7 mm wide) infested by an I. burmensis larva. The internode is located at the tip of the bamboo shoot, because the apical 4–5 internodes have died and fallen to the ground. 33. A fully-grown I. burmensis larva (length ca 14 mm) that has started to bite off strips of vascular bundles from the bamboo shoot wall (on the right) in order to create a cocoon. 34. I. burmensis puparium (length ca 8 mm) located in the internode cavity at the base of the infested internode. The upper part of the internode has broken off. Side branches growing from the basal bud were partly removed.

Figs 22–24. Ichneumonopsis spp., epandrium. 22. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, anterior view. 23. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, lateral view. 24 in A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies

Figs 22–24. Ichneumonopsis spp., epandrium. 22. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, anterior view. 23. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, lateral view. 24. Ichneumonopsis taiwanensis sp. nov., lateral view.

Figs 10–12 in A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies

Figs 10–12. Ichneumonopsis spp., thorax, lateral view. 10. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 11. I. hancocki sp. nov. 12. I. taiwanensis sp. nov.

Figs 7–9 in A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies

Figs 7–9. Ichneumonopsis spp., head and thorax, dorsal view. 7. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 8. I. hancocki sp. nov. 9. I. taiwanensis sp. nov.

Figs 2–4. Ichneumonopsis spp., habitus. 2. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973 in A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies

Figs 2–4. Ichneumonopsis spp., habitus. 2. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, ♀. 3. I. hancocki sp. nov., holotype, ♂. 4. I. taiwanensis sp. nov., holotype, ♀.

Figs. 42–46 in Biology And Description Of The Third Instar Larva And Puparium Of Ichneumonopsis Burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), A Bamboo-Breeding Fruit Fly From The Oriental Region

Figs. 42–46. Puparium of I. burmensis (SEM photographs). 42, Apical end of the puparium showing the anterior spiracles. 43, Detail of invaginated frontal part of prothorax showing the locations of the paired sensilla. 44, Detail of the anterior spiracle showing three papillae. 45, Caudal end of the puparium. 46, Posterior spiracles. an = anus; as = anterior spiracle; pts 2–9 = prothoracic sensillae.

Figs. 34–41 in Biology And Description Of The Third Instar Larva And Puparium Of Ichneumonopsis Burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), A Bamboo-Breeding Fruit Fly From The Oriental Region

Figs. 34–41. Thoracic and abdominal segments of the I. burmensis larva. 34, Pseudocephalon and prothorax, dorsal view. 35, Prothoracic paired sensilla and anterior spiracle (lateral view). 36, Prothoracic paired sensilla (dorsal view). 37, Enlarged paired prothoracic sensilla (pts5). 38, Detail of anterior spiracle showing the papillae. 39, Detail of a creeping welt showing the spinules. 40, Caudal segment showing the posterior spiracle, anus and the locations of some sensilla. 41, Posterior spiracles. T1 = prothorax; an = anus; as = anterior spiracle; es = ecdysial scar; I1, I2 = intermediate sensilla; p ceph = pseudocephalon; pts 1–10 = prothoracic sensilla; ps = posterior spiracle; sh = spiracular hairs.

Figs. 28–33 in Biology And Description Of The Third Instar Larva And Puparium Of Ichneumonopsis Burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), A Bamboo-Breeding Fruit Fly From The Oriental Region

Figs. 28–33. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton, anterior/ posterior spiracles and larval habitus of I. burmensis (light microscopy). 28, Anterior spiracle. 29, Detail of anterior spiracle showing the papillae. 30, Posterior spiracle. 31. Spiracular hairs. 32, Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. 33, Larval habitus. A1–A7 = abdominal segments; as = anterior spiracle; cs = caudal segment; cw = creeping welt; da = dorsal apodeme; db = dorsal bridge; dc = dorsal cornu; ec = ecdysial scar; hb = hypopharyngeal bridge; hs = hypopharyngeal sclerite; ls = labial sclerite; mh = mouth hook; p ceph = pseudocephalon; pb = parastomal bar; pt = praeapical tooth; sh = spiracular hairs; T1–T3 = thoracic segments; win = window; va = ventral apodeme; vb = ventral bridge; vc = ventral cornu; vs = ventral sclerite.

Figs. 15–21 in Biology And Description Of The Third Instar Larva And Puparium Of Ichneumonopsis Burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), A Bamboo-Breeding Fruit Fly From The Oriental Region

Figs. 15–21. Damage symptoms of bamboo shoots attacked by I. burmensis. 15, Tip of an unaffected Melocalamus compactiflorus bamboo shoot. 16, Tip of a Melocalamus compactiflorus bamboo shoot infested by I. burmensis. The leaves of the upper internodes have started to wither. 17, The apical internodes have dropped down to the ground, but the I. burmensis internode is still attached to the bamboo shoot. A part of the internode sheath was removed in order to show the location of the bud, the zone of intercalary growth and the predetermined breaking point. 18, The newly emerged branches at the base of the I. burmensis-internode have displaced the internode sheath. Most branches are not depicted in order to show the exit hole above the predetermined breaking point. 19, The I. burmensis internode has cracked at the level of the exit hole and dangles at the tip of the bamboo shoot. The puparium is still protected by the torn off vascular fibres. 20, The apical part of the I. burmensis-internode has dropped to the ground. The basal stump of the internode remains attached at the tip of the bamboo shoot and harbours the puparium. 21, Longitudinal section of the enlarged basal part of an I. burmensis-internode showing the location of the puparium. b = branch; bb = branch bud; cs = culm sheath; eh = exit hole; ii = I. burmensis-internode; n = node; p = puparium; pbp = predetermined breaking point; sb = sheath blade; vf = vascular fibres; zig = zone of intercalary growth.

Figs. 8–14 in Biology And Description Of The Third Instar Larva And Puparium Of Ichneumonopsis Burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), A Bamboo-Breeding Fruit Fly From The Oriental Region

Figs. 8–14. Damage of bamboo shoots caused by I. burmensis, and pupariation. 8, Basal part of an I. burmensis internode, early stage of infestation. The culm sheath was removed to show the branch bud, the zone of intercalary growth and the predetermined breaking point of the internode. 9, The apical part of the bamboo shoot has fallen down, but the I. burmensis-internode is still attached to the bamboo shoot. The emerging side branches have pushed away the culm sheath from the internode wall. 10, I. burmensis internode with side branches largely removed in order to show the slit-like exit hole. 11, The I. burmensis-internode has cracked at the level of the exit hole (above the predetermined breaking point). The exposed internode cavity is filled with torn off, compressed vascular fibres, which protect the puparium. 12, The cracked upper part of the I. burmensis-internode has dropped to the ground. The puparium rests inside the stump of the I. burmensis internode at the tip of the bamboo shoot. 13, I. burmensis puparium stuck in the basal part of the internode. The internode was broken at the predetermined breaking point in order to show the protruding puparium. 14, I. burmensis puparium stuck in the upper part of the internode cavity, anterior end on right hand side. as = anterior spiracle; bb = branch bud; cs = culm sheath; eh = exit hole; ii = I. burmensis-internode; p = puparium; pbp = predetermined breaking point; vf = vascular fibres; zig = zone of intercalary growth.

Figs 25–26. Ichneumonopsis spp., glans. 25. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 26. I in A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies

Figs 25–26. Ichneumonopsis spp., glans. 25. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 26. I. taiwanensis sp. nov.

Figs 20–21. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy, 1973 in A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies

Figs 20–21. Ichneumonopsis burmensis Hardy, 1973, abdomen, dorsal view. 20. ♂. 21. ♀.

Figs 18–19. Ichneumonopsis spp., wing. 18. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 19. I in A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies

Figs 18–19. Ichneumonopsis spp., wing. 18. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973. 19. I. taiwanensis sp. nov.

Figs 5–6. I in A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies

Figs 5–6. I. hancocki sp. nov., head, anterior view. 5. ♂. 6. ♀.

Fig. 1 in A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies

Fig. 1. Collecting localities of Ichneumonopsis spp.

Figs 27–30. Ichneumonopsis spp., aculeus. 27. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, entire aculeus. 28. I in A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies

Figs 27–30. Ichneumonopsis spp., aculeus. 27. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, entire aculeus. 28. I. taiwanensis sp. nov., entire aculeus. 29. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, aculeus apex. 30. I. taiwanensis sp. nov., aculeus apex.

Figs 13–17. Ichneumonopsis spp., legs. 13. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, foreleg. 14. I in A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies

Figs 13–17. Ichneumonopsis spp., legs. 13. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, foreleg. 14. I. taiwanensis sp. nov., foreleg. 15. I. hancocki sp. nov., foreleg. 16. I. hancocki sp. nov., midleg. 17. I. hancocki sp. nov., hindleg.

Figs. 22–27 in Biology And Description Of The Third Instar Larva And Puparium Of Ichneumonopsis Burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), A Bamboo-Breeding Fruit Fly From The Oriental Region

Figs. 22–27. Pseudocephalon of I. burmensis larva showing the sense organs (SEM pictures). 22, Pseudocephalon and prothorax. 23, Antenna and maxillary sense organ. 24, Maxillary sense organ. 25, Stomal organ. 26, Detail of pseudocephalon showing the labial lobe, labial organ and pad organ. 27, Apical part of the labial lobe and the labial organ. ac pl = accessory plates; ant = antenna; lal = labial lobe; la org = labial organ; mh = mouth hook; max org = maxillary sense organ; or lb = oral lobe; or rdg = oral ridges; pad org= pad organ; pas A = papilla sensillum A; pas B = papilla sensillum B; pegs = peg sensillum; pits = pit sensillum; sto org = stomal organ.

Figs. 1–7 in Biology And Description Of The Third Instar Larva And Puparium Of Ichneumonopsis Burmensis Hardy (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), A Bamboo-Breeding Fruit Fly From The Oriental Region

Figs. 1–7. Adults, habitat and development of I. burmensis-larvae. 1, Habitus of I. burmensis female. 2, Bamboo stand of M. compactiflorus in north Thailand at the edge of a field in November. The bamboo shoot in the front was damaged by a larva of the weevil Cyrtotrachelus sp. and the apical part of the main stem has dropped to the ground (large arrow points to the stump of the main stem). One of the resulting side branches of the main stem is infested by an I. burmensis larva (ii). The large side branch on the left has taken over the function of the main stem. 3, Cross-section through an M. compactiflorus internode near the apex of the bamboo shoot (diameter: 7 mm). The internode cavity contains white pith. 4, Apical part of an infested bamboo shoot of M. compactiflorus. The arrow points to the internode containing an I. burmensis larva. The upper internodes are dead but still attached to the bamboo shoot. 5, I. burmensis larva feeding on the white pith inside a bamboo internode (diameter of the internode cavity: 3–4 mm). 6, Bamboo fibres, ca. 5–7 cm long, recently torn off by the larva. 7, Lateral cut through an I. burmensis-internode (base of the internode on the left). The larva has eaten up about half of the white pith in the basal part the internode cavity and has freshly pupated at the base of the internode. Note the thin bamboo wall at the level of the exit hole. Most of the torn off vascular fibres have been removed in order to show the puparium. They filled the cavity beween the puparium and the "vf" arrow. eh = exit hole; bp = bamboo pith; bb = branch bud; ii = I. burmensis-internode; p = puparium; vf = vascular fibres.