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97 results for “Ichthyosaur”
First Early Cretaceous ichthyosaurs of Austria and the problem of Jurassic–Cretaceous ichthyosaurian faunal turnover
<p>The uploaded images are the basic data for mirco-CT reconstructions on an ichthyosur skull with internal teeth.</p> <p>The specimen is located in the collections of the Natural History Museum Vienna, Geological Palaontologival Department.</p> <p>Repository Number NHMW 2022/0001/0001.</p> <p>Publishe with the title: <strong>Alexander Lukeneder, Nikolay Zverkov, Christina Kaurin, Valentin Blüml. 2022. First Early Cretaceous ichthyosaurs of Austria and the problem of Jurassic–Cretaceous ichthyosaurian faunal turnover. Cretaeous Research, current stage after review.</strong></p>
Fig. 4 in First three-dimensional skull of the Middle Triassic mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi from Svalbard, Norway
Fig. 4. The phylogenetic tree of Ichthyosauria and the placement of PMO 235.393. Note that Parvipelvia has collapsed as this part of the tree is not the focus of the paper. Consensus tree of 19 MPTs with a length of 544. Consistancy Index = 0.373, Rentention Index = 0.778. Bremer support values displayed above nodes.
Fig. 1 in First three-dimensional skull of the Middle Triassic mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi from Svalbard, Norway
Fig. 1. Mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi (Merriam, 1910) PMO 235.393, from the Botneheia Formation, Middle Triassic of the Isfjorden area in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. Slab A in concretion, photograph (A1), line drawing (A2) showing the outline and identification of the visible bone elements. B. Hypothetical reconstruction of PMO 235.393.
Fig. 2 in First three-dimensional skull of the Middle Triassic mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi from Svalbard, Norway
Fig. 2. The segmented model of right lateral side of the skull of mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi (Merriam, 1910) PMO 235.393, from the Botneheia Formation, Middle Triassic of the Isfjorden area in Spitsbergen, Svalbard.
Fig. 3 in First three-dimensional skull of the Middle Triassic mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi from Svalbard, Norway
Fig. 3. The computed tomography rendered segmentation of rostral elements of mixosaurid ichthyosaur Phalarodon fraasi (Merriam, 1910) PMO 235.393, from the Botneheia Formation, Middle Triassic of the Isfjorden area in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Right dentary and maxilla in lingual (A1) and labial (A2) views, right dentary (A3) in dorsal view, right maxilla in dorsal (A4) and lateral (A5) views. Note that the dorsal extent of the maxilla is not complete. Scale bars 10 mm.
Fig 7 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK
Fig 7. Surangular comparisons between the holotype (BRSMG Cg3178, BAS specimen) and referred specimen (BRSMG Cg2488, Lilstock specimen) of Ichthyotitan severnensis gen. et sp. nov., with a comparable section of surangular from a specimen of Ophthalmosaurus icenicus (MJML K2577). A. BRSMG Cg3178 and MJML K2577 illustrating the distance between the M.A.M.E. and coronoid process. B. BRSMG Cg2488 and MJML K2577 are positioned obliquely in lateral view (with MJML K2577 rotated and held closer to the camera), illustrating the general shape of the ichthyosaurian surangular. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g007
Fig 5. A in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK
Fig 5. A. Comparable sections for core drill(s) sampling position indicated by a white circle of (from left to right) BRSMG-Cb-3869 (an Aust bone, most probably a surangular), BRSMG Cg3178 (BAS surangular), BRSMG-Cg-2488 R-101 (Lilstock surangular). White arrows point to elongated surangular foramen. B. Binary drawings produced from stitched photos of the thin sections (respectively BRSMG-Cb-3869, BRSMG Cg3178 and BRSMG-Cg-2488 R-101) showing longitudinal vascularization and larger nutrient canals. Blue bars (upper) indicate extension of outer cortex, orange (middle) for deep cortex and pink (lower) for spongious trabecular bone. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g005
Fig 4 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK
Fig 4. Invertebrate and trace fossils found on the bone surface of the BAS surangular, BRSMG Cg3178. A-B. Associated bivalves, including Atreta intrusstriata (A) and Plagiostoma giganteum (B); it is worth noting that a small group of the latter are preserved adjacent to the coronoid process, see Fig 2C. C-D. Examples of the probable scavenging marks that are also observed in the Lilstock surangular, see Lomax et al. 2018, Fig 4. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g004
Fig 6 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK
Fig 6. Histological overview of BRSMG Cg3178 (BAS surangular). A. Composite image of thin section under circular polarized light. B. Close-up of the external margin of the outer cortex, showing the presence of multiple growth marks (GMs), open vascular canals and cortical vascular canals with all degrees of maturity (simple canals, primary osteons and secondary osteons), supporting an ongoing active and continuous growth. Note the evident darker border of the lumen of a diagonal canal running from the top left toward the margin of the large nutrient canal (NC) showing further longitudinal vascularization. C. Concentric secondary osteon in the outer cortex under lambda filter. D. Close-up of the upper margin of the nutrient canal under crossed polarized (left) and circular polarized light (right). The growth marks appear as alternated tightly packed rows of brighter and darker periosteal intrinsic fibres (PIF). The same tight packing of the GMs occurs also deeper in the cortex. E. Lateral margin of the nutrient canal under circular polarized view. PIF are evident as bright yellow and blue coiled structures. The presence of simple canals alongside osteons, indicates primary deposition of bone along the margin of the large nutrient canal. F. Concentric secondary osteon in the trabecular bone under transmitted light. It is evident the high amount of osteocyte lacunae and the presence of plump irregular shaped ones in the lamellar bone. G. Trabecular bone under circular polarized view. The presence of primary matrix and concentric secondary osteons indicate that the trabeculae are secondary, produced from compact bone made cancellous. White arrows (D, E, G) point at PIF; white arrowheads point at resorption lines in concentric osteons (C, F, G); white dotted lines indicate borders of primary osteons (C, F, G); yellow arrow heads (B, D) point at rows of GMs. Abbreviations. LB, Lamellar bone; NC, Nutrient canal; OC, Open periosteal canal; PO, Primary osteon; RC, Resorption cavity; SC, Simple canal; SO, Secondary osteon. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g006
Fig 3 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK
Fig 3. Comparison of the holotype (BRSMG Cg3178, A and C right surangular, BAS specimen) and referred specimen (BRSMG Cg2488, B and D left surangular, Lilstock specimen) of Ichthyotitan severnensis gen. et sp. nov. To ease comparison, A and C have been reversed. A-B. Lateral view of both surangulars showing same unique shape; note the upturned, almost 90-degree angle bend and the spatulate-shaped posterior end. C-D. Medial view of both surangulars displaying same morphology posteriorly; anteriorly the Lilstock specimen (D) has been heavily eroded and distorted along its length (see Discussion in Lomax et al. 2018 for more details). Note the position of an elongated foramen on the lateral surface (A-B), identified as part of the fossa surangularis that passes through the bone into the Meckelian canal. See also the damaged (?)angular that is articulated with the surangular and defined by a continuous groove (?suture) as seen in Fig 2H. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g003
Fig 1 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK
Fig 1. Distribution of the Triassic rocks in the Bristol Channel–Severn Estuary area and the three key ichthyosaur localities (where specimens discussed herein were found) referred to in the text. Modified from Lomax et al. 2018 [7]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g001
Fig 2 in The last giants: New evidence for giant Late Triassic (Rhaetian) ichthyosaurs from the UK
Fig 2. The holotype of Ichthyotitan severnensis gen. et sp. nov., a newly collected specimen (BRSMG Cg3178) comprising a very large, but incomplete right surangular (the 'BAS Specimen'). A. All associated pieces with an approximate outline of the complete surangular, in medial view. The surangular is separated into two main parts, Part #A to the right and Part #B to the left (see text). B. A close-up of the coronoid process in lateral view, showing moderate eminence. C. Bulbous coronoid process in dorsal view with lateral displacement. D. Subcircular cross section at the level of the coronoid process (posterior view, medial to the left). E-F. Comparison of the massively developed M.A.M.E. ridge observed in BAS (E) and the Lilstock surangular (F); arrows indicate top of the ridge. G. Oblique view of the medial surface highlighting part of the overhanging shelf that encloses the Meckelian canal. H. Ventromedial view of the mid-posterior portion of the surangular showing a distinct, continuous, and straight thin groove that might be a suture and could indicate two distinct bones (perhaps including a damaged angular). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300289.g002
FIG. 3 in Structural, functional, and physiological signals in ichthyosaur vertebral centrum microanatomy and histology
FIG. 3. — Classical sections of ichthyosaur vertebral centra illustrating the intraspecific size variation (interpolated as possible ontogenetic variation): A-D, Stenopterygius sp.; A, B, juvenile vertebra SMNS uncat.; C, D, adult vertebra SMNS uncat.; E-H, Ichthyosauria new taxon A, Middle Triassic, Nevada, LACM 8031; E, F, fetal vertebra LACM DI 158109; G, H, adult vertebra DI 158109; A, C, E, G, transverse (and half-transverse) sections; B, D, F, H, sagittal sections. Scale bars: 5 mm.
FIG. 2 in Structural, functional, and physiological signals in ichthyosaur vertebral centrum microanatomy and histology
FIG. 2. — Virtual (A, B) and classical (C-G) sections of ichthyosaur vertebral centra illustrating the microanatomical types 1 (A-E) and 2 (F, G): A, B, Grippioidea indet., Lower Triassic, Russia, NSM PV 23854; C, D, Grippioidea indet., Middle Triassic, Nevada, LACM uncat. Nevada; D, E, Mixosaurus sp. PIMUZ T 2004; F, Temnodontosaurus sp. half transverse section; G, Eurhinosaurus sp. SMNS 50913 sagittal section; A, C, F, transverse sections; B, D, E, G, sagittal (and half mid-sagittal) sections. Abbreviations: GC, growth center; ET, endochondral territory; PT, periosteal territory. Scale bars: 5 mm.
FIG. 5 in Structural, functional, and physiological signals in ichthyosaur vertebral centrum microanatomy and histology
FIG. 5. — Histological features of ichthyosaur vertebrae: A, Stenopterygius sp. SMNS uncat. Longitudinal section. Numerous Sharpey's fibers at the limit between the periosteal (left) and endochondral (right) territories in PL with gypsum filter; pointed by arrows; B, C, Temnodontosaurus sp. SMNS uncat. parasagittal section showing the compact deposits of parallel-fibered bone (blue) in the outer core of the vertebra and secondary bone (red) in its inner core in PL with gypsum filter (B) and NL (C); D, Temnodontosaurus sp. SMNS uncat. Transverse section showing on the right the layer of rather compact parallel-fibered bone lining the centrum core (NC, notochordal canal), whereas the rest of the centrum is spongious (left) in NL. Scale bars: A, 200 µm; B, D, 1 mm; C, 500 µm.
FIG. 1 in Structural, functional, and physiological signals in ichthyosaur vertebral centrum microanatomy and histology
FIG. 1. — Consensus phylogenetic tree of Ichthyopterygia including (in bold) the taxa sampled for this study; modified from Ji et al. (2016); with associated silhouettes (from McGowan & Motani 2003) and label of the microanatomical type encountered.
Fig. 5 in New findings reveal that the Middle Triassic ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus is the oldest amniote with a dorsal fin
Fig. 5. SEM images of microsampled soft tissues of mixosaurid ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus Bassani, 1886 (BES SC 1000), Sasso Caldo quarry, Besano, Italy, upper Anisian.. A. Collagen fibres packed in parallel bundles from the leading edge of the dorsal fin. B. Close-up of a single fibre showing very fine striations, interpreted as collagen fibrils. C. A pair of collagen fibres from the base of the caudal fin, still covered by a patch of multi-layered scaleless skin. D. Close-up of the skin layers seen in C. Asterisks indicate locations of the back-scattered electron element microanalysis performed on dorsal fin fibres (E), caudal fin fibres (F), and caudal fin skin (G). The peaks illustrate the relative abundance of each element, with higher intensities indicating greater abundance. Note the enrichment of calcium and phosphorous in the fossilised soft tissue, with some variation in secondary minerals.
Fig. 1 in New findings reveal that the Middle Triassic ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus is the oldest amniote with a dorsal fin
Fig. 1. General location and geological map of the Monte San Giorgio area. The asterisk indicates the position of the Sasso Caldo site.
Fig. 8 in New findings reveal that the Middle Triassic ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus is the oldest amniote with a dorsal fin
Fig. 8. Reconstruction of the skeleton and body outline of mixosaurid ichthyosaurMixosaurus cornalianus with the dorsal fin and the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin, as preserved in BES SC 1000 (A) compared to the body outline of the small tail shark Carcharinus porosus (B), which average length is similar to that of Mixosaurus.
Fig. 4. Mixosaurid ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus Bassani, 1886 in New findings reveal that the Middle Triassic ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus is the oldest amniote with a dorsal fin
Fig. 4. Mixosaurid ichthyosaur Mixosaurus cornalianus Bassani, 1886 (BES SC 1000), Sasso Caldo quarry, Besano, Italy, upper Anisian. A. General view of the specimen showing the position of the dorsal fin (black arrow) and of the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin (white arrow). B. Explanatory drawing showing the position of the dorsal fin (dark grey), skin remains (grey), and neural spines (light grey). C. Close up of the shaft of the dorsal fin showing parallel fibres. D. Dorsal lobe of the caudal fin. E, F. Close ups of the areas of the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin where other fibres and skin remains are exposed.
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