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Figure 8. A in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 8. A, drawing of cervical vertebrae 5–8 and presacral vertebrae 26 and 27 as example for the vertebral structures in specimen FMNH PR2251. B, drawing of neural arches 9–12 of specimen FMNH PR2251. Anterior is to the right. Scale bar = 5 cm.

Figure 10 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 10. Drawings of preserved shoulder girdle elements of specimen FMNH PR2251. A, left coracoid. B, right clavicle; the broken bone plate attached to the posterolateral end of the clavicle may represent a remnant of the scapula (Sc?). See Appendix for explanation of abbreviations. Scale bar = 5 cm.

Figure 4 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 4. Drawing of the skull of Cymbospondylus nichollsi sp. nov. (FMNH PR2251) in lateral view. See Appendix for explanation of abbreviations. Scale bar = 10 cm.

Figure 3 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 3. Drawing of the skull of Cymbospondylus nichollsi sp. nov. (FMNH PR2251) in dorsal view. See Appendix for explanation of abbreviations. Scale bar = 10 cm.

Figure 2 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 2. Right temporal opening of specimen FMNH PR2251 with the arrow indicating the bite marks on the parietal plateau. See Appendix for explanation of abbreviations.

Figure 7 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 7. Close-up view of the occipital–cervical complex of specimen FMNH PR2251 in posteroventral view. Vertebrae are observed in ventrolateral view. See Appendix for explanation of abbreviations.

Figure 11 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 11. Comparison of the lateral views of the postrostral skull regions of Cymbospondylus. A, Cymbospondylus nichollsi sp. nov., based on the holotype FMNH PR2251. B, C. petrinus, based on UCMP 9950. C, C. buchseri, based on PIMUZ 4351, modified after Sander (1989b). B and C are based on left sides of the skulls and have been inverted.

Figure 9 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 9. Drawings of ribs of specimen FMNH PR2251. A, double-headed first cervical rib. B, anterior dorsal rib. C, middle dorsal rib. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 12 in A new species of Cymbospondylus (Diapsida, Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and a re-evaluation of the skull osteology of the genus

Figure 12. Strict consensus of three most parsimonious trees reflecting the hypothesized phylogenetic relationships of Cymbospondylus nichollsi sp. nov. to a selection of mainly Triassic ichthyosaurs. Based on the data matrix of Nicholls & Manabe (2001). After inclusion of C. nichollsi, 15 taxa and 44 characters were considered in the analysis.

FIGURE 12. Hauffiopteryx typicus, NMO 26575 in A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany

FIGURE 12. Hauffiopteryx typicus, NMO 26575. Skull in (A) right and (B) left lateral view; 3, reconstruction, redrawn from Maisch and Reisdorf (2006).

FIGURE 10 in A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany

FIGURE 10. Strict consensus of 158 most parsimonious trees of length 1663; taxa flagged by IterPCR as being unstable have been pruned from the figure. The arrow indicates OTUs included in the genus Hauffiopteryx. Bremer support values greater than 1 are indicated to the left of the nodes.

FIGURE 11. 50 in A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany

FIGURE 11. 50% majority rule tree derived from Bayesian analysis. Clade credibility values indicated to the left of the nodes. The arrow indicates OTUs included in the genus Hauffiopteryx.

FIGURE 9 in A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany

FIGURE 9. Hauffiopteryx sp. A, SMNS 81367; B, SMNS 80225; C, SMNS 81962; D, SMNS 81965. Photos © SMNS / M. Wahler.

FIGURE 7 in A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany

FIGURE 7. Hauffiopteryx altera, sp. nov., holotype FWD-129. A, B, right and left lateral views; C, D, interpretation of the cranial sutures in lateral view; E, F, ventral view of skull with interpretation; G, H, dorsal view of skull with interpretation. Abbreviations: an, angular; de, dentary; en, external narial opening; f, frontal; j, jugal; lac, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; ns2, neural spine (axis); pa, parietal; par, parietal ridge; pf, prefrontal; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; scr, sclerotic ring; sp, splenial; st, supratemporal.

FIGURE 6 in A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany

FIGURE 6. Hauffiopteryx typicus, pelvic girdle and hind limb. A, proximal left femur and pelvic girdle (SMNS 80226). B, pelvic girdle and hind limbs in dorsal view (lectotype GPIT 1491/4); C–D, interpretive drawings of hind limbs of same. E, hind limb of SMNS 51552. Abbreviations: 2–4, distal tarsals; a, astragalus; c, calcaneum; F, femur; Fi, fibula; il, ilium; is, ischium; pi, pisiform; pb, pubis; Ti, tibia; v?, putative metatarsal V; note the homology issues regarding both digit V and distal tarsal 2 in Hauffiopteryx and many other parvipelvians.

FIGURE 5 in A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany

FIGURE 5. Hauffiopteryx typicus, pectoral girdle, and forelimb. A, pectoral girdle and humerus in ventral view (SMNS 80226); B, left forelimb in dorsal view (lectotype GPIT 1491/4); C, coracoids and left forelimb in ventral view (SMNS 51552). Scale bars in cm (parts A, C). Abbreviations: 2–4, distal carpals; cl, clavicle; co (r/l), right and left coracoids; H, humerus; i, intermedium; ic, interclavicle; pi, pisiform; R, radius; re, radiale; sc, scapula; U, ulna; ue, ulnare; v, metacarpal V.

FIGURE 4 in A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany

FIGURE 4. Postcranial morphology of Hauffiopteryx typicus. A, anterior neural spines of the lectotype GPIT 1491/4, note the broad axial neural spine of the same height as the neural spine of C3 but twice as wide. B, Fused atlas-axis complex (SMNS 80226); C, gastralia in the mid-dorsal region of SMNS 80226, the arrow indicates the boomerangshaped medial element (see also inset); D, reconstruction of Hauffiopteryx typicus; the shape and position of the dorsal and caudal fins are based on the lectotype. Anterior is to the left in all parts. Scale bars in cm (parts B, C). Abbreviations: at-ax, atlas-axis complex; ns2, neural spine (axis).

FIGURE 3 in A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany

FIGURE 3. Hauffiopteryx typicus, cranial morphology of GPIT/RE/12905. A, lateral view; B; dorsal view of posterior skull roof. Abbreviations: an, angular; bo, basioccipital; de, dentary; en, external narial opening; ex, exoccipital; f, frontal; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; pa, parietal; pf, prefrontal; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; sa, surangular; scr, sclerotic ring; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; utf, supratemporal fenestra.

FIGURE 1. Hauffiopteryx typicus. A in A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany

FIGURE 2. Hauffiopteryx typicus, cranial morphology. A–G in A revision of the Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Hauffiopteryx (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria), and description of a new species from southwestern Germany

FIGURE 2. Hauffiopteryx typicus, cranial morphology. A–G, overview of cranial morphology. A, lectotype, GPIT 1491/ 4; B, SMNS 51552; C, MHH 9; D, SMNS 80226. E, basioccipital in ventral view (SMNS 80226); F, maxillary and posterior dentary teeth (GPIT 1491/4); G, anterior mandible with displaced teeth (SMNS 80226). Scale bars in cm (parts B, D, E). Abbreviations: an, angular; bo, basioccipital; de, dentary; hc, hyoid corpus; hy, hyoid element; en, external narial opening; ex, exoccipital; f, frontal; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; lj, lower jaw; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pf, prefrontal; pl, palate; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pt, pterygoid; Q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; scr, sclerotic ring; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; s, stapes; utf, supratemporal fenestra.