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457 results for “Inbreeding”
Data from: "Little evidence of inbreeding depression for birth mass, survival and growth in Antarctic fur seal pups"
<p>This data repository contains:</p> <ul> <li><span>"msats_growth_individuals.xlsx" - Microsatellite data (39 loci) of Antarctic fur seals<br></span></li> <li><span>"pup_growth_2017-2020.xlsx" - Birth weight and tagging weight data for pups collected in 2017-2020.<br></span></li> <li><span>"Rebeccas_Samples_Mendel_OriginalPedigree" - SNP array data (75k SNPs) in PLINK format for a subset of individuals<br></span></li> <li><span>"GrowthRM_BI1820_Day60.new.csv" - Repeated weight measures for a subset of individuals</span></li> </ul> <p><strong><br>Manuscript abstract</strong></p> <p><span>Inbreeding depression, the loss of offspring fitness due to consanguineous mating, is generally detrimental for individual performance and population viability.<span> </span>We therefore investigated inbreeding effects in a declining population of Antarctic fur seals (<em>Arctocephalus gazella</em>) at Bird Island, South Georgia.<span> </span>Here, localised warming has reduced the availability of the seal’s staple diet, Antarctic krill, leading to a temporal increase in the strength of selection against inbred offspring, which are increasingly failing to recruit into the adult breeding population.<span> </span>However, it remains unclear whether selection operates before or after nutritional independence at weaning.<span> </span>We therefore used microsatellite data from 885 pups and their mothers, and SNP array data from 98 mother-offspring pairs, to quantify the effects of individual and maternal inbreeding on three important neonatal fitness traits: birth mass, survival and growth.<span> </span>We did not find any clear or consistent effects of offspring or maternal inbreeding on any of these traits.<span> </span>This suggests that selection filters inbred individuals out of the population as juveniles during the time window between weaning and recruitment.<span> </span>Our study brings into focus a poorly understood life-history stage and emphasises the importance of understanding the ecology and threats facing juvenile pinnipeds.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Funding</span></strong></p> <p><span>This research was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) priority programme “Antarctic Research with Comparative Investigations in Arctic Ice Areas” SPP 1158 (project number 424119118) and the SFB TRR 212 (NC³) (Project Numbers 316099922 & 396774617). This work contributes to the Ecosystems project of the British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environmental Research Council, and is part of the Polar Science for Planet Earth Programme.</span></p>
Dataset from: A test of the reproductive assurance hypothesis in Ipomoea hederacea: does inbreeding depression counteract the benefits of self-pollination?
<p><strong>PREMISE: Darwin proposed that self-pollination in allegedly outcrossing species might act as a reproductive assurance mechanism when pollinators or mates are scarce; however, in natural populations, the benefits of selfing may be opposed by seed discounting and inbreeding depression. While empirical studies show variation among species and populations in the magnitude of reproductive assurance, little is known about the counterbalancing effects of inbreeding depression.</strong></p> <p><strong>METHODS: By comparing the female reproductive success of emasculated and open-pollinated flowers, we assessed the reproductive assurance hypothesis in two Mexican populations of <em>Ipomoea hederacea.</em> In one population we assessed temporal variation in reproductive assurance for three years. We evaluated inbreeding depression on seed production, seedling germination, and dry plant mass by contrasting self- and cross-hand pollination treatments in one population for two years.</strong></p> <p><strong> KEY RESULTS: The contribution of self-pollination to female reproductive success was high and consistent between populations, but there was variation in reproductive assurance across years. Inbreeding depression was absent in the early stages of progeny development, but there was a small negative effect of inbreeding in the probability of germination and the mass of adult progeny. </strong></p> <p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: Self-pollination provided significant reproductive assurance in <em>I. hederacea </em>but this contribution was variable across time. The contribution of reproductive assurance is probably reduced by inbreeding depression in later stages of progeny development, but this counter-effect was small in the study populations. This study supports the hypothesis that reproductive assurance with limited inbreeding depression is likely an important selective force in the evolution of self-pollination in the genus <em>Ipomoea</em>. </strong></p>
An inbreeding perspective on the effectiveness of wildlife population defragmentation measures: A case study on wild boar (Sus scrofa) of Veluwe, The Netherlands
<p>Pervasive inbreeding is a major genetic threat of population fragmentation and can undermine the efficacy of population connectivity measures. Nevertheless, few studies have evaluated whether wildlife crossings can alleviate the frequency and length of genomic autozygous segments. Here, we provided a genomic inbreeding perspective on the potential effectiveness of mammal population defragmentation measures. We applied a SNP-genotyping case study on the ~2500 wild boar Sus scrofa population of Veluwe, The Netherlands, a 1000-km<sup>2 </sup>Natura 2000 protected area with many fences and roads but also, increasingly, fence openings and wildlife crossings. We combined a 20K genotyping assessment of genetic status and migration rate with a simulation that examined the potential for alleviation of isolation and inbreeding. We found that Veluwe wild boar subpopulations are significantly differentiated (FST-values of 0.02-0.07) and have low levels of gene flow. One noteworthy exception was the Central and Southeastern subpopulation, which were nearly panmictic and appeared to be effectively connected through a highway wildlife overpass. Estimated effective population sizes were at least 85 for the meta-population and ranging from 31 to 52 for the subpopulations. All subpopulations, including the two connected subpopulations, experienced substantial inbreeding, as evidenced through the occurrence of many long homozygous segments. Simulation output indicated that whereas one or few migrants per generation could undo genetic differentiation and boost effective population sizes rapidly, genomic inbreeding was only marginally reduced. The implication is that ostensibly successful connectivity restoration projects may fail to alleviate genomic breeding of fragmented mammal populations. We put forward that defragmentation projects should allow for (i) monitoring of levels of differentiation, migration and genomic inbreeding, (ii) anticipation of the inbreeding status of the meta-population, and, if inbreeding levels are high and/or haplotypes have become fixed, (iii) consideration of enhancing migration and gene flow among meta-populations, possibly through translocation.</p>
Data from: Sex-specific effects of inbreeding in juvenile brown trout
<p>Inbreeding depression, i.e., the reduction of health and vigour in individuals with high inbreeding coefficients, is expected to increase with environmental, social, or physiological stress. It has therefore been predicted that sexual selection and the associated stress usually lead to higher inbreeding depression in males than in females. However, sex-specific differences in life history may reverse that pattern during certain developmental stages. In some salmonids, for example, female juveniles start developing their gonads earlier than males who instead grow faster. We tested whether the sexes are differently affected by inbreeding during that time. To study the effects of inbreeding coefficients that may be typical for natural populations of brown trout (<em>Salmo trutta</em>), and also to control for potentially confounding maternal or paternal effects, we sampled males and females from the wild, used their gametes in a block-wise full-factorial breeding design to produce 60 full-sib families, released the offspring as yolk-sac larvae into the wild, sampled them 6 months later, identified their genetic sex, and used microsatellites to assign them to their parents. We used whole-genome resequencing to calculate the kinship coefficients for each breeding pair and hence the expected average inbreeding coefficient per family. Juvenile growth could be predicted from these expected inbreeding coefficients and the genetic sex: Females reached lower body sizes with increasing inbreeding coefficient, while no such link could be found in males. This sex-specific inbreeding depression led to the overall pattern that females were on average smaller than males by the end of their first summer.</p>
Density dependence maintains long-term stability despite increased isolation and inbreeding in the Florida Scrub-Jay
<p>Isolation caused by anthropogenic habitat fragmentation can destabilize populations. Populations relying on the inflow of immigrants can face reduced fitness due to inbreeding depression as fewer new individuals arrive. Empirical studies of the demographic consequences of isolation are critical to understanding how populations persist through changing conditions. We used a 34-year demographic and environmental dataset from a population of cooperatively-breeding Florida Scrub-Jays (<em>Aphelocoma coerulescens</em>) to create mechanistic models linking environmental and demographic factors to population growth rates. We found that the population has not declined despite both declining immigration and increasing inbreeding, owing to a coinciding response in breeder survival. We find evidence of density-dependent immigration, breeder survival, and fecundity, indicating that interactions between vital rates and local density play a role in buffering the population against change. Our study elucidates the impacts of isolation on demography and how long-term stability is maintained via demographic responses.</p>
Ignoring within-flower self-fertilization and inbreeding depression biases estimates of selection on floral traits
<p>Within-flower self-pollination should be the major source of self-fertilization in mixed-mating species that present single or few flowers simultaneously. It is also an often unmeasured source of selfing in species with many flowers open simultaneously. In self-compatible species in which pistil and stamen numbers vary, the rate of within-flower selfing should depend on the number of pistils and stamens, the timing of flowering, and the morphology of subsidiary floral traits. The intensity and direction of selection on these traits should thus also depend on the level of inbreeding depression. Here, we measured the dependence of the within-flower selfing rate on floral sex allocation, phenology, petal length, and floral stalk height in a population of the perennial herb <em>Pulsatilla alpina</em> (Ranunculaceae) in which most individuals had single flowers. We estimated inbreeding depression in the population by comparing inbreeding coefficients between parents and seed progeny using microsatellite markers. We then estimated selection on the measured traits via female reproductive success at the flower level and compared our estimates with a hypothetical scenario in which inbreeding depression was assumed to be absent. Inbreeding depression was estimated to be severe (0.95). The within-flower selfing rate varied widely among flowers and depended positively on stamen number and negatively on pistil number and flowering date, supporting the predictions of a mass-action model. The dependence of the selfing rate on the measured floral traits consistently predicted (non-linear) patterns of selection under high inbreeding depression that were distinct from those under a hypothetical scenario of no inbreeding depression.</p> <p>Synthesis: While previous research has emphasized the importance of mass-action mating on selfing among flowers of plants with large floral displays, our results demonstrate its importance for selfing within individual flowers. They also demonstrate the importance of accounting for both the selfing rate and inbreeding depression when inferring selection on floral and other traits via female fitness.</p>
Data from: Inbreeding does not alter the response to an experimental heat wave in a freshwater snail
<p>Data are saved as a tab-delimited text file (data.txt).</p> <p>The data file has the following columns:</p> <p>population - snail population (1 = Zurichberg, 2 = Adlisberg)<br> family - snail family (27 families)<br> temperature - temperature treatment (15C, 25C)<br> mating_type - mating type category (0 = produced through outcrossing, 1 = produced through forced self-fertilization, 2 = produced through self-fertilization despite access to a mate)<br> block - blocks of the experiment (3 blocks)<br> reproduction - reproductive status of experimental snails (0 = did not oviposit, 1 = did oviposit)<br> eggs - number of eggs oviposited by experimental snails<br> length - shell length of experimental snails (mm)<br> PO_activity - phenoloxidase-like activity of haemolymph of experimental snails<br> antibacterial_activity - antibacterial activity of haemolymph of experimental snails</p>
Figure 2 in Inbreeding tolerance in two isolated populations of Harting's vole Microtus hartingi (Rodentia, Arvicolinae)
Figure 2. Odour choice between kin vs. nonkin individuals of the opposite sex in Microtus hartingi populations (%), regarding duration of approaches to odour samples in seconds. Females A) and males B) at the age of 35–40 days; females C) and males D) — at the age of 53–58 days.
Figure 1 in Inbreeding tolerance in two isolated populations of Harting's vole Microtus hartingi (Rodentia, Arvicolinae)
Figure 1. Differences in female aggressive behaviour with deadly outcome in polygynous groups in two populations of M. hartingi voles: O-groups (60–70 days of age), Y-groups (49–52 days of age) and control pairs. CAP analogous groups compared to RP; O-groups and Y-groups compared to each other and to control within populations; sisters compared to nonkin in all groups, by Fisher's exact test
Inbreeding depression, functional traits and phenotypic plasticity in an endangered tree species from Congo basin with a mixed mating system
<h3><span>Inbreeding depression, functional traits and phenotypic plasticity in an endangered tree species from Congo basin with a mixed mating system</span></h3> <h1><a name="_Hlk166486742"></a><strong><span>Abstract</span></strong></h1> <p><span><span>1. Most tree species can suffer from inbreeding depression (ID), which they escape by reproducing predominantly through outcrossing. A remarkable exception is <em>Pericopsis elata</em>, an African timber species naturally producing 54% of self-fertilized seeds in the eastern Congo Basin. This species is highly logged and suffers from a deficit of natural regeneration, so that silviculture is needed for its sustainable management. While selecting good genetic material can increase the value of plantations, we lack fundamental biological knowledge on the effect of inbreeding and competition on growth potential, variability in leaf traits and phenotypic plasticity. We hypothesize that ID in <em>P. elata</em> could result from the expression of deleterious mutations affecting functional traits, or from a reduction of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in inbred genotypes.</span></span></p> <p><span><span>2. To test our hypotheses, 540 <em>P. elata</em> seedlings were monitored for 4 years in a Nelder-type device located in the DRC, in which trees were planted along concentric circles to generate a density gradient. Nine leaf morphological traits (including specific leaf area, stomata density and size), eight leaf chemical traits, diameter, and total height were measured regularly, while paternity analyses allowed distinguishing inbred and outbred plants. To explain the observed ID on growth, we tested whether inbreeding affected leaf traits and/or their plasticity expressed across years, across the density gradient or across sunlight exposure. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>3. Outbred plants grew faster than inbred ones, demonstrating ID for each level of competition. Despite the significant correlation found between specific leaf area and growth, and the impact of planting density, plant age, and leaf exposure to sunlight on multiple traits, mean leaf trait values did not differ according to inbreeding. However, </span></span><span><span>a few leaf traits (chlorophyl content, </span></span><span><span>maximum stomatal water vapor conductance</span></span><span><span>, and leaf fresh mass) showed significantly higher plasticity in outbred than inbred plants. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>4. Synthesis: the observed ID on growth was not explained by a direct effect of inbreeding on the mean values of functional traits but possibly by a reduction of phenotypic plasticity with inbreeding. Additional studies on the interplay between ID, functional traits and plasticity should be conducted at the intra-specific level to identify general patterns<em>.</em></span></span></p> <p><span><strong><span>Key-words : </span></strong></span><span><span>Inbreeding depression, phenotypic plasticity, silviculture, functionals traits, <em>Pericopsis elata</em>, mating system, Nelder device.</span></span></p>
Why don't all animals avoid inbreeding?
<p class="MsoCommentText"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Individuals are expected to avoid mating with relatives as inbreeding can reduce offspring fitness, a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. This has led to the widespread assumption that selection will favour individuals that avoid mating with relatives. However, the strength of inbreeding avoidance is variable across species and there are numerous cases where related mates are not avoided. Here we test if the frequency that related males and females encounter each other explains variation in inbreeding avoidance using phylogenetic meta-analysis of 41 different species from six classes across the animal kingdom. In species reported to mate randomly with respect to relatedness, individuals were either unlikely to encounter relatives, or inbreeding had negligible effects on offspring fitness. Mechanisms for avoiding inbreeding, including active mate choice, post-copulatory processes and sex biased dispersal, were only found in species with inbreeding depression. These results help explain why some species seem to care more about inbreeding than others: inbreeding avoidance through mate choice only evolves when there is both a risk of inbreeding depression and related sexual partners frequently encounter each other. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Inbreeding depression in polyploid species: a meta-analysis
Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is a common mutation in eukaryotes with far-reaching phenotypic effects. Morphological and fitness consequences of WGD and their effects on the survival of novel polyploid lineages are intensively studied. Another important factor that may also determine the probability of establishment and success of polyploid lineages is inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression is expected to play an important role in the establishment of neopolyploid lineages, their capacity to colonize new environments, and in the simultaneous evolution of ploidy and other life-history traits such as self-fertilization. Both theoretically and empirically, there is no consensus on the consequences of polyploidy on inbreeding depression. Here, we investigated the effect of polyploidy on the evolution of inbreeding depression by performing a meta-analysis within angiosperm species. The main results of our study are that the consequences of polyploidy on inbreeding depression are complex and depend on the time since polyploidization. We found that newly formed polyploid lineages have a much lower amount of inbreeding depression than their diploid relatives. Natural established polyploid lineages are intermediate, exhibiting a higher amount of inbreeding depression than synthetic neopolyploids, but smaller than diploids, suggesting that the negative effect of polyploidy on inbreeding depression decreases with time since polyploidization.
Data and code for: Failure to purge: Population and individual inbreeding effects on fitness across generations of wild Impatiens capensis
<p>Inbreeding exposes deleterious recessive alleles in homozygotes, lowering fitness and generating inbreeding depression (ID). Both purging (via selection) and fixation (via drift) should reduce segregating deleterious mutations and ID in more inbred populations. These theoretical predictions are not well-tested in wild populations, which is concerning given purging/fixation have opposite fitness outcomes. We examined how individual- and population-level inbreeding and genomic heterozygosity affected maternal and progeny fitness within and among 12 wild populations of <em>Impatiens capensis</em>. We quantified maternal fitness in home sites, maternal multilocus heterozygosity (using 12,560 SNPs), and lifetime fitness of selfed and predominantly outcrossed progeny in a common garden. These populations spanned a broad range of individual- (<span class="s1"><em>f</em></span><span class="s2"><sub>i</sub></span><em> </em>= -0.17–0.98) and population-level inbreeding (<span class="s1"><em>F</em></span><span class="s2"><sub>IS</sub></span> = 0.25–0.87). More inbred populations contained fewer polymorphic loci, less fecund mothers, and smaller progeny, suggesting higher fixed loads. However, despite appreciable ID (mean: 8.8 lethal equivalents per gamete), ID did not systematically decline in more inbred population. More heterozygous mothers were more fecund and produced fitter progeny in outcrossed populations, but this pattern unexpectedly reversed in highly inbred populations. These observations suggest that persistent overdominance or some other force acts to forestall purging and fixation in these populations.</p>
Data from: Sex-specific effects of inbreeding in juvenile brown trout
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Data: Inbreeding in a dioecious plant has sex- and population origin-specific effects on its interactions with pollinators
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Inbreeding avoidance and cost in a small, isolated trout population
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Data from: Inbreeding and competitor’s genetic relatedness affect dynamic male color-ornament expression in a cichlid fish
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Ignoring within-flower self-fertilization and inbreeding depression biases estimates of selection on floral traits
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Inbreeding depression in polyploid species: a meta-analysis
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Data and code for: Failure to purge: Population and individual inbreeding effects on fitness across generations of wild Impatiens capensis
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