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70 results for “Individual growth”
Individual plant growth and reproduction in the black sand extended growing season experiment for East Knoll, Audubon, Lefty, and Trough sites, 2018 - 2020.
As a result of climate change, the Rocky Mountain Front Range is experiencing warmer summers and earlier snowmelt. Due to the importance of snow for regulating soil temperature, growing season length, and available moisture in alpine ecosystems, even small shifts in the snow-free period could have large impacts. The focus of the Black Sand Extended Growing Season Length Experiment is to examine how terrain-related differences in climate exposure influence the way alpine habitats respond to climate change via earlier snowmelt. To simulate how climate exposure may affect plant communities, NWT LTER researchers established 5 experimental sites, each containing a pair 10 x 40m rectangular plots. These sites include north and south facing aspects, subalpine and alpine tundra meadows and a range of hydrological conditions (e.g. dry meadows, moist meadows, wet meadows). We accelerated snowmelt in one plot at each site by adding chemically inert black sand, while keeping the second plot as an unmanipulated control; black sand was added to control plots after snow had naturally melted. We used open top warming chambers (OTCs) to increase summer temperature in three subplots within each of the 10 x 40 m plots. This dataset includes measurements of growth and reproduction for Geum plants as well as counts of buds and flowers were counted and recorded for each tagged study plant, within all snow and warming treatments at all sites except Soddie.
Data from: A new mechanistic model for individual growth suggests upregulated maintenance costs when food is scarce in an insect
<p>In order to calibrate and evaluate a recently developed growth model, the Maintenance-Growth Model (MGM), for the case of growth under food restriction, empirical data for house crickets (<em>Acheta</em> <em>domesticus</em>) were collected and analysed. This data set contains data for individually reared crickets growing under two different regimes of controlled food limitation as well as data for food-limited cohorts of growing house crickets. The sets include temporal data for body mass and ingestion as well as age and size at maturation (imago emergence). The data for food-limited cohorts were collected prior to this study and parts of it have previously been analysed and presented in a publication on animal self-thinning. </p>
Individual behaviour, growth, survival and vulnerability to hunting in a large mammal
<p>Humans have exploited wild animals for thousands of years. Recent studies indicate that harvest-induced selection on life-history and morphological traits may lead to ecological and evolutionary changes. Less attention has been given to harvest-induced selection on behavioural traits, especially in terrestrial systems. We assessed in a wild population of large terrestrial mammals whether decades of hunting led to harvest-induced selection on trappability, a proxy of risk-taking behaviour. We investigated links between trappability, horn growth and survival across individuals in early life and quantified the correlations between early life trappability and horn growth with availability to hunters and probability of being shot. We found positive among-individual correlations between early life trappability and horn growth, early life trappability and survival, and early life horn growth and survival. Faster growing individuals were more likely to be available to hunters and shot at a young age. We found no correlations between early life trappability and availability to hunters or probability of being shot. Our results show that correlations between behaviour and growth can occur in wild terrestrial population but may be context dependent. This result highlights the difficulty in formulating general predictions about harvest-induced selection on behaviour, which can be affected by species ecology, harvesting regulations, and harvesting methods used. Future studies should investigate mechanisms linking physiological, behavioural, and morphological traits and how this effects harvest vulnerability to evaluate the potential for harvest to drive selection on behaviour in wild animal populations.</p>
Figure 4 in Individual growth and mortality of Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Decapoda: Panopeidae) in the estuarine region of Patos Lagoon, Southern Brazil
Figure 4. Size-converted catch curve. Significant fit (Fcalc.= 239.81> Fcrit.0.05 1,11 = 4.84; R2 = 0.95).
Fig. 2 in Individual Growth Rates of Nikolsky's Viper, Vipera berus nikolskii (Squamata, Viperidae)
Fig. 2. Individual growth curves of males and females of V. b. nikolskii approximated with the Von Bertalanffy growth curves. Solid lines connect observed SVL of recaptured specimens. Dashed lines represent the Von Bertalanffy growth curve. Horizontal solid line is the size of maturation. X-axis measures time in days, hibernations are indicated by numbers. The duration of active period before first hibernation was assumed to be 45 days; all consecutive active periods lasted 184 days, except for 164 days in adult males.
Fig. 1 in Individual Growth Rates of Nikolsky's Viper, Vipera berus nikolskii (Squamata, Viperidae)
Fig. 1. Relationship between growth rates (dSVL/dt) and snout-ventral length (SVL) in males and females of V. b. nikolskii. Dashed lines show 95 % confidence intervals of the expected theoretical curve.
Figure 4 in Population density and diet type interactively affect individual growth of an omnivorous soil-dwelling insect (Anomala cuprea, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Figure 4. (a) total carbon (%) in the diet before the experiment and (b) after the experiment, and (c) total nitrogen (%) in the diet before the experiment and (d) after the experiment in the two diets and three population densities.
Figure 2 in Population density and diet type interactively affect individual growth of an omnivorous soil-dwelling insect (Anomala cuprea, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Figure 2. Effects of diet type and population density on mean fresh weight of a larva. Error bars indicate standard error. See Tab. 2 for details of statistical results.
Figure 1 in Population density and diet type interactively affect individual growth of an omnivorous soil-dwelling insect (Anomala cuprea, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Figure 1. Effects of diet type and population density on larval mortality rate. Error bars indicate standard error. See Tab. 1 for details of statistical results.
Figure 4 in Estimation of individual growth of the violet oyster Chama coralloides Reeve, 1846 (Bivalvia: Venerida) using Schnute model cases
Figure 4. Fitted growth curves for the best cases of the Schnute model for a population of C. coralloides in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico (* indicates the best model).
Figure 2 in Estimation of individual growth of the violet oyster Chama coralloides Reeve, 1846 (Bivalvia: Venerida) using Schnute model cases
Figure 2. Monthly frequency distribution of lengths (bars) and modal groups (curves) for C. coralloides in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico.
Phenological mismatch affects individual fitness and population growth in the winter moth
<p>Climate change can severely impact species that depend on temporary resources by inducing phenological mismatches between consumer and resource seasonal timing. In the winter moth, warmer winters caused eggs to hatch before their food source, young oak leaves, became available. This phenological mismatch changed the selection on the temperature sensitivity of egg development rate. However, we know little about the fine-scale fitness consequences of phenological mismatch at the individual level and how this mismatch affects population dynamics in the winter moth. To determine the fitness consequences of mistimed egg hatching relative to timing of oak budburst, we quantified survival and pupation weight in a feeding experiment. We found that mismatch greatly increased mortality rates of freshly hatched caterpillars, as well as affecting caterpillar growth and development time. We then investigated whether these individual fitness consequences have population-level impacts by estimating the effect of phenological mismatch on population dynamics, using our long-term data (1994–2021) on relative winter moth population densities at four locations in the Netherlands. We found a significant effect of mismatch on population density with higher population growth rates in years with a smaller phenological mismatch. Our results indicate that climate change-induced phenological mismatch can incur severe individual fitness consequences that can impact population density in the wild.</p>
Phenological mismatch affects individual fitness and population growth in the winter moth
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Data from: A new mechanistic model for individual growth suggests upregulated maintenance costs when food is scarce in an insect
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Individual behaviour, growth, survival and vulnerability to hunting in a large mammal
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Microfluidic monitoring of the growth of individual hyphae in confined environments
Soil fungi have the ability to form large mycelial networks. They rely on the resources available in the soil to produce biomass, and are able to degrade complex biomolecules. Some of them can even degrade recalcitrant organic pollutants and are considered promising candidates for soil bioremediation strategies. However, the success of this approach depends on the ability of fungi to colonize the soil matrix, where they encounter spatial and temporal variations of confinement, humidity and nutrient concentration. In this paper, we present a study of fungal growth at the scale of single hyphae in a microfluidic device, allowing fine control of nutrient and water supply. Time-lapse microscopy allowed simultaneous monitoring of the growth of dozens of hyphae of Talaromyces helicus, a soil isolate, and of the model fungus Neurospora crassa through parallel microchannels. The distributions of growth velocity obtained for each strain were compared to measurements obtained in macroscopic solid culture. For the two strains used in the study, confinement caused the growth velocity to drop in comparison with unconfined experiments. In addition, N. crassa was also limited in its growth by the nutrient supply, while the microfluidic culture conditions seemed better suited for T. helicus. Qualitative observations of fungi growing in microfluidic chambers without lateral confinement also revealed that side walls influence the branching behavior of hyphae. This study is one of the first to consider the confinement degree within soil microporosities as a key factor of fungal growth, and to adress its effect, along with physicochemical parameters, on soil colonization, notably for bioremediation purposes.
Algal growth, bumblebee colony and individual development, bee behavior and yield of oilseed rape under a trophic cascade and extreme weather
<p><span>Trophic cascades in the aquatic environment constitute important mechanisms for improving water quality. However, how the presence or non-presence of these trophic cascades may affect interactions across the aquatic-terrestrial interface remains poorly investigated. Pollinators such as bees may be especially vulnerable to changes in water resource quality induced by trophic cascades. Understanding how aquatic trophic cascades affect bees and pollination becomes even more pressing under ongoing climate change due to increased physiological demands for water under extreme weather events.</span><span>In a novel field experiment combining terrestrial and aquatic mesocosms, we aimed to test how changes in water quality induced by an aquatic trophic cascade </span><span>affected foraging and growth of bumblebee colonies as well as foraging of solitary bees. While we expected fish predation to reduce top-down control of zooplankton on phytoplankton and thereby, indirectly, induce increased growth of toxic cyanobacteria</span><span>, we instead found the trophic cascade to induce the formation of algal surface mats that bumblebees used to access water under a severe heat wave and drought. This access to water was associated with higher bumblebee colony reproductive success, growth and weight compared to control colonies with no trophic cascade induced (and hence no algal surface mats). We also found marginal </span><span>but non-significant</span><span> effects on oilseed rape yield, but surprisingly with higher yields in the control treatment where bumblebees could not access water.</span><span>Our results provide new insights on how aquatic trophic cascades can lead to unpredicted ecological interactions across the aquatic-terrestrial interface facilitated by climate change. Our study highlights the importance of water for the fitness of terrestrial ecosystem service providers under altered environmental conditions.</span></p>
Wildfire influences individual growth and breeding dispersal, but not survival and recruitment in a montane amphibian
Global wildfire regimes are changing rapidly, with widespread increases in the size, frequency, duration, and severity of wildfires. Whereas the effects of wildfire on ecological state variables such as occupancy, abundance, and species diversity are relatively well-documented, changes in population vital rates (e.g., survival, recruitment) and individual responses (e.g., growth, movement) to wildfire are more limited because of the detailed information needed on the same individuals both pre- and post-fire. We capitalized on the 2018 Roosevelt wildfire, which occurred during our six-year (2015–2020) capture-mark-recapture study of boreal toads (<i>Anaxyrus boreas boreas</i>; <i>n</i> = 1415) in the Bridger-Teton National Forest, USA, to evaluate the responses of population vital rates and individual metrics to wildfire. We employed robust design capture-recapture models to compare the growth, dispersal, survival, and recruitment of adult boreal toads pre- and post-fire at burned versus unburned sites. At burned locations, growth increased two-years post-fire compared with the year directly following wildfire and was higher two-years post-fire than any other interval during our study period. Boreal toads dispersed to alternative breeding patches more at burned sites than unburned sites and dispersal increased two-years post-fire compared with the year directly following wildfire. Annual survival and recruitment did not differ between pre- and post-fire years nor among pre-fire years, the year following wildfire, and two-years post-fire. We demonstrate that, in certain contexts, dispersal can play a major role in changes to state variables (e.g., abundance) after wildfire, as opposed to other vital rates such as survival and recruitment. Our study represents an important step towards understanding the biological processes that underlie observed patterns in state variables following wildfire, which ultimately will be critical for the effective management of species in landscapes experiencing shifts in fire activity.
Individual growth of the Flathead Knobscaled Lizard, Xenosaurus platyceps, from tropical and temperate populations
<p><span>Growth rates of ectotherms are frequently affected by environmental conditions, such as temperature, precipitation, and prey availability. However, local adaptation to environmental conditions could influence geographic variation in growth rates. We studied growth rates of the Flathead Knob-scaled Lizard, <em>Xenosaurus platyceps</em>, from a tropical population and a temperate population in Tamaulipas, Mexico. We used a field study and a common garden experiment to examine the extent and potential causes of variation in individual growth rates between these two populations from contrasting environments. Field-determined growth rates in the tropical population were greater than those in the temperate population. In a laboratory common garden experiment that manipulated food availability and temperature for neonates from each population, neonates from the tropical population grew faster than those from the temperate population. Neonates kept at higher temperatures grew faster than those kept at lower temperature. In addition, growth rates of neonates from temperate and tropical populations did not differ at low temperature, but neonates from the tropical population grew faster at the higher temperature than did the neonates from the temperate population. Food treatment did not affect individual growth rates in these lizards, although there was a trend for neonates grown with higher food availability to grow faster. Our results suggest that not only does the warm environment of the tropical population contribute to the observed differences in field growth rates, but there is a genetic difference in the ability of the tropical population to take advantage of the warmer temperatures to increase growth rates.</span></p>
Figure 3 in Estimation of individual growth of the violet oyster Chama coralloides Reeve, 1846 (Bivalvia: Venerida) using Schnute model cases
Figure 3. Modal progression of individual cohorts for C. coralloides in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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